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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where do primary bone tumours usually occur? |
Metaphyseal area |
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Where do metastatic bone tumours usually occur? |
Diaphyseal region |
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Where do benign bone diseases usually occur? |
Anywhere |
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Features of aggressive/malignant bone tumours |
Moth eaten or permeative appearance Poorly defined/ indistinct borders Cortical disruption (cortex not seen, thinned) Spiculated periosteal new bone formation Rapid rate of change Soft tissue mass |
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Features of non-aggressive/benign bone tumours |
Localised area of lysis Well demarcated Short transition zone Smooth periosteal reaction Slow change Lack of soft tissue mass |
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Aggressive 1° bone tumour osteosarcoma lymphoma haemangiosarcoma -changes in bone opacity - spiculated periosteal reaction |
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Aggressive 1° bone tumour osteosarcoma - spreading - long transition zone - periosteal bone formation and destruction |
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4yo dog |
Benign bone cyst - large area of radiolucency |
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How do you tell the difference between a bone tumour and a bone infection? |
Both aggressive Look at signalment, history, physical findings - recent surgery, wound - chronic infection |
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Causes of Fractures |
Trauma from external force Trauma from internal force - avulsions, eg biceps on supraglenoid Normal activity on diseased bone - pathological |
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Long oblique fracture Periosteal new bone Change in bone opacities = Pathological frature Metastatic cancer |
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Fracture almost vertical down proximal humerus Periosteal new bone formation Changes in bone opacity = Pathological fracture Aggressive 1° bone tumour |
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Epiphyseal avulsion bony remodelling |
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Complications of fracture healing |
Malunion - abnormal position Delayed union - slow. Infection, instability Non-union - no evidence of healing. hypertrophic, atrophic Osteomyelitis Osteoporosis - weakening, incorrect use Joint complications Fracture induced sarcomas - rare, more likely with metal implants |
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Atrophic non-union |
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Hypertrophic non-union - new bone cant breach the gap - rotational instability - need to make more stable - may want to scarify to stimulate bone formation |
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Sequestrum Fracture with infection Large pieces of bone within a pus filled cavity Need to go in and take sequestrum out Common in cows |
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Post-fracture sarcoma Initially doing okay, leg swells Areas of radiolucency Spiculated bone Plate may be an irritant |
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Degenerative joint disease Roughening of articular faces Altered thickness of joint space Subchondral bone changes Mineralisation of joint soft tissues Intra-articular calcified bodies Joint malformation |
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Degenerative joint disease Joint effusion - radio-opacity where fat pad should be (Cr to joint) |
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Degenerative joint disease Osteophyte formation on distal patella
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Degenerative joint disease Joint effusion Osteophyte formation Enthesiophyte formation on tibial tuberosity |
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Osteoarthritis |
DJD Weight-bearing joints Medium-large breeds 2° to developmental disorders or acquired |
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Pathological fracture Incomplete ossification of humeral condyles Physes not fused when they should have Fracture up the bone from the joint and across the condyle |
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Reattachment of supraglenoid tubercle after avulsion fracture |
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Osteochondrosis Joint surfaces should be smooth but are bumpy on the right |
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Osteochondrosis Medial acpect (R) of humeral head - Not uncommon in this region |
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Osteochondrosis Concavity at the medial condyle |
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Premature closing of the distal growth plate of the Ulna - radius continues to grow = bowed |
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Premature closing of the distal growth plate of the Ulna - radius continues to grow = bowed - valgus deformity - humerus forced proximally (UAP) - elbow DJD |
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Premature distal radial growth plate closure - shortened radius - ↑ humeroradial joint space - subluxation of semilunar notch - humerus gets pushed dowm - elbow DJD |
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Retained cartilagenous core - radiolucency |
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Elbow dysplasia Osteophytes along non-articular border of anconeal process Osteophytes on lateral epicondylar ridge Sclerosis of trochlear notch Displaced FCP |
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Hip dysplasia Acute angle of hip Shallow acetabulum Opacity differences in bone Periosteal new bone |
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Panosteitis Radio-opacities in medulla of both bones |
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Panosteitis Radio-opacities in medulla of both bones Pathological fractures due to bone brittleness |
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Hypertrophic osteodystrophy Radiolucent areas New bone formationon both bones |
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Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism Osteopenia - ↓ bone density, thin cortices Multiple pathological fractures |
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Normal tympanic bullae Air filled thin walled (only 75% of dogs with otitis media show radiograph signs) |
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Destructive rhinitis Aspergillus fumigatus Turbinates destroyed, nasal discharge, bleeding |
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Destructive rhinitis Aspergillus fumigatus Turbinates destroyed, nasal discharge, bleeding |
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Feline nasal tumour Radio-opacity may be fluid or soft tissue mass Destruction of turbinates Bleeding nose, nasal discharge |
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Malignant nasal tumour Soft tissue opacity Line definition - mass |
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Malignant nasal tumour Soft tissue opacity May be destruction of turbinates |
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Turbinate destruction Soft tissue opacity |
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Aggressive nasal tumour Erosion of vomer bone (nasal septum) Soft tissue opacity |
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Nasal tumour Periosteal bone formation May grow outward externally or through ethmoid turbinates into brain |
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Mandibular fractures Near temporomandibular joint and in rostral third |
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Tooth root abscess Must remove tooth |
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Tooth root abscess Tooth removed |
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Oral cavity neoplasias |
Fibromatous/ossifying epulis - dog, benign, no bone involvement Cats - 70% SCC Dogs - Malignant melanoma, SCC, fibrosarcoma, osteosarcoma 60-70% malignant tumours show bone involvement |
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Giant cell granuloma Displacement of teeth Multiple radio-opacities - may be bone involvement |
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Odontogenic malignant neoplasms |
Tumour of tooth Rare, young animals Usually lytic, expansile with regular and well defined margins Commonly contain mineral opacities |
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Ameloblastoma May affect one or more teeth May appear solid or cystic Expansile with bone destruction common Usually soft tissue mass |
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Malignant non-odontogenic neoplasms |
Most originate from soft tissue (gingiva, palate) or from mandibular or maxillary bones (carcinomas, FSA, MM, acanthomatous epuils = basal cell carcinoma) |
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Fibrosarcoma |
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Craniomandibular osteopathy |
Benign self limiting periosteal proliferation Terriers most commonly affected WHWT : recessive autosomal transmission Clinical signs at 3-8 months Periosteal reaction usually stops at maturity |
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Craniomandibular osteopathy Thickening of cranial and mandibular cortices |
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Cranial hyperostosis Similar to craniomandibular osteopathy but only frontal bones Thickening of cortex Keeps getting bigger May be uncomfortable |
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Otitis media/interna |
Opacity in tympanic bullae Bone reaction - thickening of wall, sclerosis, osteolysis +/ periosteal reaction Expansion of bullae (less common) Sclerosis of petrous bone |
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Otitis media Right bulla sclerotic, filled |
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Otitis media Bone reaction - thickening of wall, sclerosis, osteolysis +/ periosteal reaction (Cats have two compartments to bullae) |
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Normal changes Symmetrical sclerosis in petrous bone in old animals Symmetrical thickening of bullae Especially cats |
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Primary bone tumours |
Similar to appendicular tumours Osteosarcoma most common - usually osteoblastic with irregular and ill-defined periosteal reaction Osteoma most common benign - smooth, well defined margin, sclerotic Multilobular oteochondroma Chondrosarcoma Fibrosarcoma |
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1° bone tumour Chondrosarcoma Aggressive Marked soft tissue swelling Periosteal new bone |
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Physeal fracture of body of vertebra Lumbar spine Kicked displacement of caudal physis of second vertebra in |
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Normal narrowing of disk space occurring between anticlinal vertebrae (T10 and T11) (Centred) |
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Diaphragmatic crus attachment at L3 and L4 may get some bony remodelling at this position due to the attachment of the diaphragm |
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Spondylosis deformans New bone formation at bottom ends of vertebrae Degenerative wear and tear Normal in older animals May fuse No clinical signs (may make back stiff) |
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Spondylosis deformans |
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Agenesis of dens Huge gap between C1 and C2 Weak spot Luxation of C2 |
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Atlantoaxial subluxation Atlantoaxial ligament deficient/absent When head moves, C1 moves but C2 does not - causes bend in spinal cord = painful Gap between dens and atlas too great |
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Spinal cord compression |
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Spinal cord compression |
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Hansen type 1 disc hernia |
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Hansen type 2 disc hernia |
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Disc mineralisation and herniation Mineralisation normal degeneration - loss of elasticity = herniation |
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Disc mineralisation and herniation Mineralisation normal degeneration - loss of elasticity = herniation |
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Disc mineralisation without herniation Mineralisation normal degeneration - loss of elasticity = herniation |
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Spinal cord tumour Blockage of CSF so myelin cant move past |
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Discospondylitis |
Infection of intervertebral disc and secondarily of adjacent endplates L7-S1 most commonly affected Large breed, male, mid age most common, rarely cats |
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Discospondylitis - causes |
Haematogenous spread - Staph intermedius, Strep spp, E. coli Direct infection - penetrating wound, migrating FB Post-op complication |
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Discospondylitis Infection of intervertebral disc and 2° of adjacent endplates |
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Discospondylitis Infection of intervertebral disc and 2° of adjacent endplates |
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Discospondylitis Infection of intervertebral disc and 2° of adjacent endplates Common site Requires long period of antibiotic therapy |
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Malignant 1° bone tumours |
Osteosarcoma Chondrosarcoma Fibrosarcoma Haemandiosarcoma Lymphoma etc. |
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Spinal chondrosarcoma |
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C2 mass Radiolucency Compression of spinal cord |
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C2 mass Radiolucency Compression of spinal cord |
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Bone metastasis to axial skeleton |
Carcinoma of the prostate, bladder, urethra, mammary gland, anal sac Appendicular OSA Multiple myeloma, lymphoma, malignant histiocytosis, HSA |
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Metastasis from prostatic carcinoma Tumours in caudal abdomen Spondylitis of last vertebral body - direct metastatic spread |
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Metastasis from prostatic carcinoma Tumours in caudal abdomen Spondylitis of last vertebral body - direct metastatic spread |
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Malignant histiocytosis Lysis of bone Spondylosis (degenerative) |
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Multiple myeloma Swiss cheese appearance in multiple vertebral bodies - virtually pathognomonic |
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Partial tear ~1 month ago Joint effusion (loss of fat pad) Osteophytes |
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Hip dysplasia on left, Subluxation |
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Pathological fracture - 1° bone tumour Moth eaten periosteal reaction Distal metaphyseal Horizontal, partially comminuted complete fracture Soft tissue swelling |
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Hypertrophic metaphyseal lysis |
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1° bone tumour Metaphyseal region Radio-opacity |
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Right sided nasal carcinoma Opacity on right side Lysis of facial bone |
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Migrating grass awn No bone destruction so not tumour Osteomyelitis Grass awn moves from lungs → pleural space → upper reach of pleural space (diaphragm attachment) where it irritates vertebral bodies |
