Motor Learning Exam 2

Front 1

Probability of neurons firing at an intensity below the threshold is 0.
Action potential occurs when signal reaches the threshold

Back 1

All or none law

Front 2

What does d' determine?

Back 2

How many mistakes will be made in signal detection

Front 3

What happens to the number of mistakes made as d' increases?

Back 3

# of mistakes decreases because uncertainty decreases and overlap decreases

Front 4

What happens to the number of mistakes as d' decreases?

Back 4

$ of mistakes increases because uncertainty increases and there is more overlap

Front 5

What do humans create to determine where false alarms and misses lie?

Back 5

A cutoff

Front 6

What is to the left and right of the cutoff line in the Noise graph?

Back 6

left: misses
right: false alarms

Front 7

Setting the threshold low or moving your cutoff line to the left will lead to more what?

Back 7

false alarms

Front 8

What is noise?

Back 8

Random, neural activity

Front 9

Based on experience we figure whether a signal belongs in either direction

Back 9

Cutoff

Front 10

Absolute threshold concerns the ____________ of the system or _______ while variable threshold concerns the ___________ of the system or the ______

Back 10

physiology, brain
psychology, mind

Front 11

The probability of neurons firing at this is 100

Back 11

Absolute threshold

Front 12

What is the Weber's Law equation?

Back 12

K=JND/I

Front 13

K=JND/I What do the variables stand for?

Back 13

K is a constant that represents keenness of sense
JND: just noticeable difference
I: intensity

Front 14

When Weber's k is smaller, are we more or less keen at determining differences?

Back 14

More

Front 15

These all follow Weber's k
They follow the principle of summation
Humans are good at detecting these differences

Back 15

Prothetic senses

Front 16

These are not based on summation and do not follow Weber's k
Humans are terrible at detecting these

Back 16

Metathetic senses

Front 17

What is an example of a prothetic sense?

Back 17

Lifting weights
As the weight gets heavier, there is a need to summate more muscle

Front 18

What is an example of a metathetic sense?

Back 18

Physical therapy when told to be aware of body in space

Front 19

Memory of what the stimulus sounds like

Back 19

Absolute judgment

Front 20

How does memory relate to signal detection theory?

Back 20

Past experience is used to set up cutoff or threshold

Front 21

This is what is had in memory based on experience and it fits the intensity of the standard

Back 21

Absolute judgment

Front 22

Why is closed loop control based on absolute judgments?

Back 22

The memory representation is proprioceptic feedback of how muscles or limbs felt

Front 23

What are most all response selection experiments based in?

Back 23

Reaction time

Front 24

Why is an EMG used to measure reaction time?

Back 24

To increase the sensitivity of the measurements

Front 25

What happens to the activity of a response as measured by an EMG?

Back 25

The cue exhibits no activity
Between the stimulus and response initiation there is some activity
RI lots of activity
Between RI and response termination activity quiets down
RT lots of activity

Front 26

If increase in reaction time occurs during the premotor phase, it is attributed to _____________ rather than _____________

Back 26

Response selection
response execution

Front 27

If the increase in reaction time occurs during the motor phase it is attributed to ___________

Back 27

Response execution

Front 28

What happens to reaction time as the foreperiod increases? Why?

Back 28

Increases
It creates temporal uncertainty about when the stimulus will arrive

Front 29

What happens to reaction time as the alternatives/task stimuli increase in similarity?

Back 29

Increases
It creates perceptual uncertainty

Front 30

What is temporal uncertainty?

Back 30

It occurs when there is uncertainty about when the stimulus will arrive
It happens when the foreperiod is increased causing reaction time to increase

Front 31

What is perceptual uncertainty?

Back 31

When the number of alternatives or task stimuli increases, it creates this causing reaction time to increase

Front 32

Stimulus Response Compatibility

Back 32

By increasing this, decrease
reaction time
Ex. plane and arrow facing same way

Front 33

When moving one limb, it suppresses the activity of the opposite side that is not in control

Back 33

Contralateral inhibition

Front 34

Being told how likely each response is to occur decreases reaction time

Back 34

Knowledge of probability

Front 35

Being told what order each response is to occur decreases reaction time

Back 35

Knowledge of sequential dependency

Front 36

What are three ways to decrease reaction time?

Back 36

Increasing stimulus response compatibility, knowledge of sequential dependency and knowledge of probability

Front 37

Thanks to David Rosenbaum's experiment, we know that _________ information is more important to be given to decrease reaction time rather than __________

Back 37

Directional
Limb

Front 38

Time difference between 2 stimuli

Back 38

Stimulus Onset Asynchrony

Front 39

If you process the first stimulus as the real stimulus, it puts you in a ________________________

Back 39

Psychological refractory period

Front 40

Information about what to do in the future

Back 40

Cue

Front 41

With a short SOA, you lose time for processing the second stimulus because_________

Back 41

you must process the first stimulus as the real stimulus and you are put in a refractory period

Front 42

Laws are _____
Theories are ________

Back 42

True
False

Front 43

This is more of a principle, for it is a description but it doesn't work all the time

Back 43

Fitt's Law

Front 44

Equation for Fitt's Law and variable meanings

Back 44

MT=ID
Mean movement time (RI - RT) equals index of difficulty

Front 45

What is Index of Difficulty and what are the variable meanings?

Back 45

ID=log2 (2A/W)
A is amplitude or the distance between the centers
W is the target width

Front 46

What does the relationship between movement time and index of difficulty look like?

Back 46

Strong positive and linear

Front 47

Event uncertainty

Back 47

As the number of alternatives increases reaction time increases following the log2 function of the number of alternatives to increase by 150 ms per alternative

Front 48

Closed loop explanation of Fitt's Law when target width increases

Back 48

As feedback demands increase, feedback processing time increases, and movement time slows

Front 49

Closed loop feedback explanation of Fitt's Law when amplitude increases

Back 49

As feedback demands increase, process more feedback to error correct and movement time increases

Front 50

Miscalculation leads to a larger error as distance increases

Back 50

Fitt's Law Closed Loop feedback explanation

Front 51

In the Closed Loop feedback hypothesis what are the independent and dependent variables that explain this?

Back 51

IV: Amplitude and Target Width
DV: Movement time

Front 52

In Impulse Variability/Open Loop hypothesis what are the independent and dependent variables that explain this?

Back 52

IV: Amplitude and Movement time
DV: Target Width

Front 53

What does 2A/W always equal in the Weber's k equation?

Back 53

2
4
8
16

Front 54

What does index of difficulty always equal in the Weber's k equation?

Back 54

1
2
3
4

Front 55

Functional Target Width

Back 55

!st + or - standard deviation of the target width

Front 56

When there is a larger functional target width what happens to movement time?

Back 56

Faster

Front 57

What is the basis for signal detection theory?

Back 57

The relationship between the variable and absolute thresholds

Front 58

Just noticeable difference

Back 58

Difference between the intensity of the standard and what it is being compared to

Front 59

What does d' indicate?

Back 59

The amount of uncertainty and the amount of mistakes that are likely to be made

Front 60

What three things cause an increase in reaction time?

Back 60

Temporal uncertainty
Event uncertainty
Perceptual uncertainty

Front 61

Hick's Law

Back 61

Relates to event uncertainty in that reaction time increases as alternatives increase as a function of the log2 equation

Front 62

Why does SOA belong in the response selection category?

Back 62

Premotor function

Front 63

How is SOA relevant to real life situations?

Back 63

Auto accidents
caused by the psychological refractory period

Front 64

Two tasks that have the same index of difficulty are

Back 64

really the same task

Front 65

What are the two explanations of Fitt's Law?

Back 65

Closed loop feedback hypothesis
Open loop/ Impulse variability

Front 66

Relative to how much muscular is recruited, the error term stays relatively the same even though the total amount of errors increases

Back 66

Impulse variability

Front 67

Probe reaction time

Back 67

Using the secondary task (reaction time) to judge how demanding the primary task is (usually a choice demand task on the other hand)

Front 68

Probe reaction time is evidence for which hypothesis of Fitt's law?

Back 68

Closed loop

Front 69

Endpoint location is dependent on amplitude
The number of impulses represents amplitude

Back 69

Impulse timing

Front 70

Paradox on the test refers to

Back 70

Speed accuracy paradox

Front 71

What is the paradox?

Back 71

When you measure in terms of time, decrease the error when you move faster
When you measure in terms of space, increase error as you move faster

Front 72

Responses (amount of generated impulses) will be equally distributed around the endpoint location

Back 72

Mass spring model

Front 73

What type of control goes with the mass spring model of Fitt's law?

Back 73

Open loop