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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Emerin
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-not essential (an RNAi induced loss of emerin yields no detectable changes in humans, other emerin deficits can cause distrophy)
-integral protein of the nuclear inner membrane -bound to nuclear intermediate filaments that are formed by lamins |
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Lamin filaments...
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confer mechanical stability and shape to
the nucleus and support essential functions, including DNA replication and mRNA synthesis |
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A-type lamins vs B-type, essential??
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B-type lamins are essential [3–5]. A-type lamins, by contrast, are non-essential and are expressed in differentiated cells only, suggesting potential roles in the specialized status or functions of differentiated cells
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BAF, essential?
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It is essential. It binds DNA, has structural roles during nuclear assembly and dictates higher-order chromatin structure through unknown mechanisms [22,23]. It also represses gene expression by inhibiting transcription activators. Binds to the LEM portion of emerin.
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SUNS
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large nesprins are localized to the
outer nuclear membrane and how, with SUNs, they link the nuclear interior to the cytoskeleton |
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Cajal body
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Nuclear component also called coiled bodies and contains splicing snRNPs and nucleolar proteins
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Speckle
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Nuclear component that is a repository for mRNA splicing factors
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Btf
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Bound by emerin, itself it is a transcription repressor who’s over expression causes cell death
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Regions within a single chromosome territory close to the center of the nucleus...
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Tend to be transcriptionaly active and contain a higher number of genes
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The pre-RNA world was dominated by
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RNA oligonucleotides experimenting with self replication
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Viruses may have evolved from
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RNA based cells with poor protein synthesizing machinery
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Small nesprin
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Integral protein localized to inner membrane via interactions with emerin
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Lamin B
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A component of the nuclear intermediate filaments in all cells, and farnesylated
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Hypothetical order of inventions during evolution that may have lead to the first DNA based cells, including some cells with nuclei
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self replicating ribozymes, cellularization, protein synthesis, parasitism, ribonucleotide reductase, reverse transcriptase, host cell gene capture
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Lamin A??
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component of the nuclear intermediate filaments in some but not all cells, and farnesylated
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The invention of ribosomes by a few cellular RNA heredity based systems would likely
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-result in a need for similar cells lacking ribosomes to parasitize ribosome containing cells for suvival
-result in rapid evolution of these cells as they are now capable of synthesizing proteins and acquiring new activities |
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Emerin
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Integral inner membrane protein, anchored by lamins, also binds BAF, GCL, Btf, YT521-B, actin, myosin, and small nesprins
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Regions within a single chromosome territory close to the periphery of the nucleus
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May contain a low number of genes and tend to be transcriptionally inactive
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HSB's
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an evolutionary breakpoint
region as an interval between two HSBs that is demarcated by the end-sequence coordinates of those HSBs on each side |
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Y chromosome study importance
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The importance of escaping recombination
is that haplotypes, which are the combinations of allelic states of markers along the chromosome, usually pass intact from generation to generation. They change only by mutation, rather than the more complex reshuffling that other chromosomes experience, and so preserve a simpler record of their history.Using binary polymorphisms with low mutation rates, such as SNPs, a unique phylogeny can therefore easily be constructed. As mutation is the only force that acts to diversify Y haplotypes |
