Model Flashcards

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Core Periphery Model

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According to the world systems theory, the world is divided into three types of countries or areas: core, periphery, and semi-periphery. Core countries are dominant capitalist countries that exploit peripheral countries for labor and raw materials.

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Peters Projection

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Map projection that maintains area, but distorts shape.

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Mercator Projection

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Map projection by which direction is accurate, but area is distorted on rectangular grid.

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Fuller Projection

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Map projection that maintains shape and area but loses direction.

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Goodes-Homosline Projection

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Map projection that maintains area but divides oceans which distorts distance.

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Robinson Projection

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Map projection that equally distorts all four aspects.

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Scale

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Maps are drawn to scale, which means there is a direct connection between a unit of measurement on the map and the actual distance on Earth.

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Isoline Map

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a map with continuous lines joining points of the same value (weather, wind speed etc).

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Cartogram

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a map in which some thematic mapping variable – such as travel time, population, or Gross National Product – is substituted for land area or distance.

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Dot Density Map

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A quantitative, thematic map on which dots of the same size are randomly placed in proportion to a numeric attribute associated with an area. Dot density maps convey the intensity of an attribute.

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Proportional Symbol Map

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maps that use the visual variable of size to represent differences in the magnitude of a discrete, abruptly changing phenomenon

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Chloropleth Map

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a thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map, such as population density or per-capita income.

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Malthus Population Catastrophe

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a prediction of a forced return to subsistence-level conditions once population growth has outpaced agricultural production.

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Neo-Malthusians

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generally refers to people with the same basic concerns as Malthus, who advocate population control programs, to ensure resources for current and future populations.

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Boserup's Hypothesis of Population (anti-Malthusian)

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Malthus says, the extra people have to die. Boserup says that you just have to upgrade the productivity of the food supply. Under pressure of numbers, with more mouths to feed, people put more labour and more intense effort into feeding themselves, and find ways to get more food production out of the land.

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Population pyramid componenets

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- Dependency ratio - Ratio of workers to dependents

- Sex ratio - # of men per 100 women

- Population differences

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Population pyramid example shapes

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shapes cont

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shapes cont

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Front 20

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

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Model that uses population measures to help explain stages of development as well as level of development. Stage 1 is Low Growth (H&G), Stage 2 is High Growth(IR &MR), Stage 3 is Moderate Growth, and Stage 4 is Low Growth and Stage 5 is not officially a stage but it includes zero or negative population group. This is important because this is the way our country and others countries around the world are transformed from a less developed country to a more developed country

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DTM visual

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Front 22

Epidemiologic Transition Model

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a phase of development witnessed by a sudden and stark increase in population growth rates brought about by medical innovation in disease or sickness therapy and treatment, followed by a re-leveling of population growth from subsequent declines in fertility rates.

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ETM visual

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Front 24

Gravity Model of Spatial Interaction

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are used in various social sciences to predict and describe certain behaviors that mimic gravitational interaction as described in Isaac Newton's law of gravity. Generally, the social science models contain some elements of mass and distance, which lends them to the metaphor of physical gravity.

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Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

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A set of 11 "laws" that were used to define the migration between two places (usually short distance, big-cities for long distance moves, urban residents are less migratory, families less likely than young adults to migrate)

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Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition

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claims that the type of migration that occurs within a country depends on how developed it is or what type of society it is. A connection is drawn from migration to the stages of within the Demographic Transition Model

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MTM visual

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Front 28

Indo-European Language

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A family of several hundred related languages and dialects. There are about 445 Indo-European languages, as it is the base for many languages today.

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I-E Language Diffusion Theories (Agriculture, Conquest)

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believed the Eurasia rim, not its heart, held the key to global power -Agriculture theory: theory of the diffusion of the Proto-Indo-European language into Europe through the innovation of agriculture Its hearth is around modern day in Turkey "Fertile Crescent" (Renfrew Hypothesis - Colin Renfrew)- Conquest Theory of Language: Diffusion of Proto-Indo-European language, through conquest of the original inhabitants of Europe

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Domino Theory

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theidea that if one land in a region came under the influence of Communists, then more would follow in a domino effect. The domino theory was used by successive United States administrations during the Cold War, to justify American intervention around the world (communism vs. democracy)

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Heartland Theory

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States that whoever ruled modern day Russia ruled all of Asia; and whoever ruled all of Asia ruled the entire world

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Rimland Theory

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believed the Eurasia rim, not its heart, held the key to global power

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Rank Size Rule

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a model of urban hierarchy (in core nations) - the population of a city or town will be proportional to its rank in the hierarchy (2nd largest 1/2 the size, 3rd 1/3 the size)

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World Systems Theory (Wallerstein)

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Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world

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World Systems Theory (Wallerstein) Visual

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Front 36

von Thünen's Agricultural Model

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a model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit- earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market

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von Thünen's Agricultural Model Visual

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Front 38

First Agricultural Revolution

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the transformation of human societies from hunting and gathering to farming. This transition occurred worldwide between 10,000 BC and 2000 BC, with the earliest known developments taking place in the Middle East.

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Second Agricultural Revolution

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The second agricultural revolution coincided with the Industrial Revolution; it was a revolution that would move agriculture beyond subsistence to generate the kinds of surpluses needed to feed thousands of people working in factories instead of in agricultural fields.

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Third Agricultural Revolution

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the Third Agricultural Revolution has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's).

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Liberal Models of Development (self-sufficiency / international trade)

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-self-sufficiency model: A country that can thrive on its own without any kind of aid or support from other countries. Typically will not trade with other countries.International trade: the concept of free trade across the world, with interaction among multiple countries instead of one.

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Structuralist Model of Development (dependency theory)

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A structuralist theory that offers a critique of the modernization model of development. Based on the idea that certain types of political and economic relations (especially colonialism) between countries and regions of the world have created arrangements that both control and limit the extent to which regions can develop

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New International Division of Labor

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the process of production is no longer confined to national boundaries

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Rostow's Stages of Growth (Modernization Model)

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A model of economic development most closely associated with the work of economist Walter Rostow. The modernization model (sometimes referred to as modernization theory) maintains that all countries go through five interrelated stages of development, which culminate in an economic state of self-sustained economic growth and high levels of mass consumption

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Fordism

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Fordism is the concept of cheap mass production on a single site

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Post-Fordism

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Post-Fordism is based on small work forces and specialized forces.

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Location Interdependence Theory (Hotelling)

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Theory developed by economist Harold Hotelling that suggests competitors, in trying to maximize sales, will seek to constrain each other's territory as much as possible which will therefore lead them to locate adjacent to one another in the middle of their collective customer base.

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Weber Model of Industrial Location (Least Cost Theory)

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Model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration

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Weber visual

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Front 50

Profit Maximization (Losch’s Zone of Maximization)

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Losch's Model explains the businesses need to locate in places where they can maximize profit. It needs to locate in a zone of profitability where businesses get more income then cost. On a graph, zone is marked where the income line is higher than the cost line.

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Bid-Rent Theory (Land Rent)

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the variation of land rents payable by different users depending on their distance from central transportation points for businesses

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Bid-Rent visual

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Front 53

Borchert’s Model of Urban Evolution

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refer to four distinct periods in the history of American urbanization. Each epoch is characerized by the impact of a particular transport technology on the creation and differential rates of growth of American cities.

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Central Place Theory (Christaller)

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Theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another

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Central Place Theory Visual

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Front 56

Concentric Circle (Burgess)

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A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.

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Concentric Model Visual

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Sector Model

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also known as Hoyt model, it is a variation on the concentric zone model and organizes low-income and industrial areas physically close together and middle-upper class residential and business close.

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Sector Model Visual

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Peripheral Model

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A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.

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Peripheral Model Visual

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Front 62

Multiple-Nuclei Model

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a city model in which multiple city centers exist rather than a single CBD as seen in concentric zone model.

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Multiple-Nuclei Model Visual

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Front 64

Urban Realms Model

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A spatial generalization of the large, late-twentieth-century city in the United States. It is shown to be a widely dispersed, multicentered metropolis consisting of increasingly independent zones or realms, each focused on its own suburban downtown; the only exception is the shrunken central realm, which is focused on the Central Business District (CBD)

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Urban Realms Model Visual

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Front 66

Latin American Cities Model

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Developed by geographers Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford, a model of the Latin American city showing a blend of traditional elements of Latin American culture with the forces of globalization that are reshaping the urban scene

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Latin American Cities Model Visual

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Front 68

SE Asian Cities Model

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Mainly based on an old colonial port zone, and then surrounding areas. There's separate clusters of a CBD in the colonial zone, and residents live further away from the port zone.

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SE Asian Cities Model Visual

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African Cities Model

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There's no true "model", but most would describe African City Model as 3 CBD's(colonial, ethnic, and Market), and a sharp divide between certain sectors

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African Cities Model example

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