Midterm Human Growth & Development

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Life-Span Development

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Development from birth to death

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Empirical & Scientific Method

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Based on data - experience, observation, or experiment, not theoretical.
Define a problem, collect info.

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Scientific Observation

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A method of testing a hypothesis by unobtrusively watching & recording participants' behavior in a systematic & objective manner, lab or natural setting.

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Cohort

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A group of people who were born at about the same time & thus move thru life together, experiencing the same historical events & cultural shifts.

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Socioeconomic Status - SES

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A person's position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, place of residence, & other factors.

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Ethnic Group

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People whose ancestors were born in the same region & who often share a language, culture, and religion.

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Race

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A group of poeple who are regarded as genetially distinct from other groups on the basis of physical appearance.

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Social Construction

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An idea that is built more on shared perceptions than on objective reality. Many age-related terms, such as race, childhood, adolescence, yuppies, & senior citizens are social constructions.

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Case Study & Survey

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A research method in which one individual is studied intensively.
A research method in which information is collected from a large number of people by interview, written questionnaires, or some other means.

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Longitudinal Research

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A research design in which the same individuals are followed over time & their development is repeatedly assessed.

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Correlation

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Co-relating two populations, compare the differences. EX: men vs women

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Quantitative Research

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Looking at numbers & participation, easily summerized, compared, & charted. EX: statistics

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Qualitative Research

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Ask open ended questions. Description of particular conditions & participants, expressed ideas are often difficult to translate into numbers & catagories.

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Code of Ethics

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A set of moral principles that professionals are expected to follow, that protect the integrity of research.

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Conditioning

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Requires repetition & time, process by which responses become linked to particular stimuli.

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Reinforcement & Modeling

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A technique for conditioning behavior in which that behavior is followed by something desired.
The central process of social learning, by which a person observes the actions of others & then copies them.

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Nature vs Nuture

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Traits, capacities, & limitations that each individual inherits genetically from his or her parents at the moment of conception.
Environmenal influences that affect development after an individual is conceived.

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DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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Molecule that contains the chemical instructions for cells to manufacture various proteins.

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Chromosome

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One of the 46 (23 pairs) molecules of DNA in each cell of the human body, contains all the genes.

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Genes

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A section of a chromosome & the basic unit for the transmission of heredity, consistion of a string of chemicals that code for the manufacture of certain proteins.

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Carrier

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An unexpressed gene occuring in half of the carrier's gametes and thus is passed on to half of the carrier's children (becoming carrier's also). The gene has to be inherited from both parents to appear in the phenotype.

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Fetal Period

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The stage of prenatal development from the ninth week after conception until birth, during which the organs grow in size & mature in functioning.

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Embryo / Fetus

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The name for a developing organism from about the third thru the eighth week after conception.
The ninth week after conception until birth.

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Teratogens

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Agent & conditions, including viruses, drugs, & chemicals, that can impair prenatal develoment & result in birth defects or even death.

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Risk Analysis

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The science of weighing the chances that a particular teratogen will affect the fetus. Look for potential carriers of disease.

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FAC - Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

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A cluster of birth defects, including abnormal facial characteristics, slow physical growth, & retarded mental development, caused by the mother's drinking alcohol while pregnant.

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Down Syndrome

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Condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46, with 3 rather than 2 chromosomes at the 21st position. Not inherited

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Fragile X Syndrome

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Genetic disorder in which the X chromosome has a single gene with more than 200 repetitions of one gene code. Multiplies as it is passed from one generation to the next. Is not recessive or dominant.

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Cerebral Palsy

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Difficulties with muscle movement and speech resulting from damage to the motor centers of the brain.

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Cyctic Fibrosis

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An inherited autosomal-recessive disorder of the exocrine glands, causing abnormally thick secretion of mucus, elevation of sweat electrolytes (Na & Cl), increased saliva, overactivity of the autonomic nervous system. Chronic cough, foul smelling stools & respiratory infectons.

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Cognition

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Mental process characterized by knowing, thinking, learning, understanding, & judging.

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Genetic Counseling

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Consultation & testing by trained experts that enable individuals to learn about their genetic heritage, including harmful conditions that they might pass along to any children they may conceive.

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PKU - Phenylketonuria

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A genetic disorder in which a child's body is unable to metabolize an amino acid called phenylalanine. The resulting buildup of that substance in body fluids causes brain damage, progressive mental retardation, & other symptoms.

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Immunizations

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Primes the body's immune system to defend against a specific contagious disease.

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SIDS - Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

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A seemingly healthy infant, approx 2 years old, suddenly stops breathing & dies unexpectedly while asleep. Is correlated with sleeping on the stomach & having parents who smoke.

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Marasmus

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A disease of severe protein-calorie malnutrition during early infancy, in which growth stops, body tissues waste away, & the infant eventually dies.

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Self-Righting

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The inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit.

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Motor skills - gross & fine

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Physical abilities. Gross: involving large body movements, such as walking & jumping.
Fine: involves small body movements, especially of the hands & fingers, such as drawing & picking up a coin.

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LAD - Language Acquisition

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Chromsky's term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, & intonation.

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Holophrases

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A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought.

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Grammar

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All the methods, word order, verb forms, & so on - that languages us to communicate meaning, apart from the words themselves.

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Babbling

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Words associated with objects they have heard often, especially if reinforcement occurs. "ma-ma-ma-ma".

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Object Permanence

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The realization that objects still exist when thay cannot be seen, touched, or heard.

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Habituation

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The process of getting used to an object or event through repeated exposure to it.

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Sensorimotor Intelligence

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Piaget's term for the way infants think, by using their senses & motor skills, during the 1st period of cognitive delvelopment.

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Goodness of Fit

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A similarity of temperament & values that produces a smooth intraction btwn an individual & his or her social context, including family, school, & community.

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Stranger Anxiety / Wariness

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An infant's expression of concern, no longer smiles at friendly faces, & cries if an unfamiliar person moves too close, too quickly.

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Self-Awareness

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A person's realization that he or she is a distinct individual, with body, mind, & actions that are separate from those of other people.

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Foster Care

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Children are officially removed from their parents' custody & entrusted to another adult who is paid to nurture them.

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Egocentrism

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Self-centeredness. Children contemplate the world exclusively from their personal perspective.

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Attachment

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An Affectional Tie - that an infant forms with the caregiver, that binds them together in space & endures over time.

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Secure Attachment

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A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort & confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver.

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Disorganized Attachment

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A type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure & return.

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PTSD - Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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A delayed reacton to a trauma or shock which may include hyperactivity & hypervigilance, displaced anger, sleeplessness, sudden terror or anxiety, & confusion btwn fantasy & reality.

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Child Abuse

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Deliberate action that is harmful to a child's physical, emotional, or sexual well-being.

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Child Maltreatment

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Intentional harm to or avoidable endangermaent of anyone under 18 years of age.

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Child Neglect

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Failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs.

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Autonomy

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Independence, self-rule, over their own actions & bodies.

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Static Reasoning

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Unchanging. Thinking that nothing changes: Whatever is now has always been & always will be.

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Irreversibility

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The inability to recognize that something can sometimes be restored to the way it was before a change ocurred.

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Conservation

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The idea that the amount of a substance remains the same when its appearance changes.

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Theory of Mind

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The realization that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thoughts that they themselves are.

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Fast Mapping

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The speedy & sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by mentally charting them into categories according to their meaning.

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Balanced Bilingual

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A person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one or the other.

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Oedipus Complex

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The unconscious desire of young boys to replace their father & win their mother's exclusive love.

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Electra Complex

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The unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother & win their father's exclusive love.

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Superego

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In psychoanalytic theory, the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes moral standards of the parents.

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Authoritarian Parenting

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Child rearing with high behavioral standards, punishment of misconduct, & low communication.

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Authoritative Parenting

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Child rearing in which the parents set limits but listen to the child & are flexible.

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Permissive Parenting

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Child rearing with high nurturance & communication but rare punishment, guidance, or control.

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Gender Schema

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Gender identity. A child's understanding of sex differences.

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Androgyny

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A balance, within a person, of traditionally male & female phychological characeristics.

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Sex Differences

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Biological differences btwn males & females, in organs, hormones, & body type.

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Gender Differences

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Differences in the roles & behavior of males & females that originate in the culture.

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Antisocial Behavior

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Feeling & acting in ways that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person.

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Empathy

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The ability to understand the emotions of another person, especially when those emotions differ from one's own.

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Antipathy

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Feelings of anger, distrust, dislike, or even hatred toward another person.

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Prosocial Behavior

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Feeling & acting in ways that are helpful & kind, without obvious benefit to oneself.

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Reactive Aggression

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An impulsive retaliation for another person's intentional or accidental actions, verbal or physical.

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Self-Esteem

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How a person evaluates his or her own worth, either in specifics, intelligence, attractiveness or overall.

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Extrinsic Motivation

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The need for rewards from outside, such as material possessions or someone else's esteem.

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Intrinsic Motivation

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Goals or drives that come from inside a person, such as the need to feel smart or competent.