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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The purpose of the carboxyl head on a lipid is to
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1) give the molecule its name
2) make the molecule hydrophilic 3) to allow the molecule to be dragged into a water solution |
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Some examples of unsaturated fatty acids are:
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Peanut butter
Olive oil Fish oil Chicken Fat Butter |
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All fats have a
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14-22 carbon chain
a carboxyl group |
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The micromolecule in lipids are
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fatty acids
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Some examples of Omega-3 Fatty Acids are:
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Fish oil
Canola oil Walnut oil Flak seed oil |
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What are some functions of Triglycerides
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-food reserves; 9 dietary calories per gram
-thermal insulation, under skin -shock absorber; around organs, kidneys, heart |
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What is the anatomy of a Triglyceride?
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-glycerol molecule
-fatty acid tails joined to glycerol by condensation reaction |
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the chemical name for a triglyceride is
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1,2,3-propanetriol
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Triglycerides represent how much mass
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25 lbs
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What is the ideal level for Triglycerides?
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80-150 mg/dl
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fat cells are alSO known as
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adipocytes
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Triglyerides are rotated how often?
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2-3 weeks (14-21 days)
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The hydrolyzing enzyme for glycerides is
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lipase
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T/F Phospholipids have NO nutritional value
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true
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95% of the cell membranes molecule count is
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phospholipids
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What percentage of the cell membrane's mass is due to phospholipids?
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80%
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What are two functions of waxes?
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to waterproof plants(cutin)
to bugproof humans (earwax) |
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Waxes are usually made of
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a long carbon chain or ring with a hydroxyl and fatty acids condensed all over
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Do waxes have polar ends?
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NO
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Olestra, also known as Olean, is undigestable because:
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your stomach has no enzymes for it
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What are some functions of Prostaglandins?s
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-serve as a chemical regulator
-involved in contraction, pain, and swelling, and also the inflammation of the uterus during labor -Aids platelets in blood clotting -contribute to PMS (possiblY) -alter blood pressure -raise temperature |
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Which lipid acts on cells around it?
Prostaglandins or Leukotrienes? |
Prostaglandins
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Which lipid acts on the cell it is produced in?
Prostaglandins or Leukotrienes? |
Leukotrienes
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PGE3 has how many double bonds?
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3
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Are Prostaglandins short lived or long lived?
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short lived
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Prostaglandins are made of:
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o A five member ring
o Double bonds o A 20 carbon fatty acid o Oxygens |
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What is the difference in the anatomy of a prostaglandin and a leukotriene?
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Leukotrienes are missing the 5 member ring
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Leukotrienes are involved in?
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-inflammation
-anaphylactic shock -allergic reactions |
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What is a small molecule that is produced at one side of the body but has an effect at a distant location?
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a hormone
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Hormones are effective at 1/???????? of a gram
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billionth
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What makes steroids different from other lipids?
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They do not contain fatty acids
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Why are steroids considered lipids?
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They are very hydrophobic
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What are some functions of steroids
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-varied metabolic jobs
-many are hormones -help carry fatty acids -anti-inflammatory -protien synthesis |
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_______=buildup
_______=break down |
anabolic,catabolic
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What is the most abundant animal steroid?
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Cholesterol
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How many grams of cholesterol should you have for every 130 pounds of body weight?
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175g
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How much cholesterol is made in the liver?
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800mg/day
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How much can you change your cholesterol through controlling your diet?
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15mg
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What drug is used to change the cholesterol level?
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lipitor/statin
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What part of an animal contains the most cholesterol?
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the liver
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Is there any cholesterol in plants?
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no of course not
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If you dont have cholesterol, what are some of the things your body cannot produce?
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testosterone, estrogen, bile salts, vitamin D
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Vitiman A is also known as?
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retinol
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vitiman A is stored in the
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liver
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vitiman A is a precursor to
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carotene
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vitiman A defiency causes
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poor night sight
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vitiman B regulates ___ deposits
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Ca
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vitiman B deficiency causes?
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rickets
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Hydrocortisone is a anti-_____
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prostaglandin
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______regualtes glucose metabolism
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Hydrocortisone
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Hydrocortisone thins the _______
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membrane
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Hydrocortisone helps to regulate ______
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insulin
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Diabetics dont have ______ thats why their insulin levels spike
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Hydrocortisone
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_________ is responsible for aggresive behavior
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Testosterone
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Testosterone is made in the _______ and hte _______ _______
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testes, adrenal cortex
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LArge muscle mass is caused by the steroid ________?
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Testosterone
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______________ is made in the ovaries and adrenal cortex
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Estrogen
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Estrogen protects against ______ ______ and ________
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heart disease, cancer
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T/F
effects of anabolic steroids are different for men and women |
TRUE
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Some effects of anabolic steroids in men include:
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baldness, gynecomastia, impotence, atrophy of the testicles, and pain in urinating
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Some effects of anabolic steroids solely in women include:
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breast atrophy and growth of facial hair
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Some effects of anabolic steroids in both women and men include:
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-bad breath
-acne -damage of liver and introduction of Cancer -high blood pressure |
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Who coined the term "cell"?
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Robert Hooke
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Who coined the term wee animacules?
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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The term for how large an image appears is?
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magnification
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total magnification= _____X_____
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objective,eyepiece lens
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property that determines wheter or not close objects will appear seperate
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resolution
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The best magnification for a light microscope is?
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2000x
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The ability to cause disease, either can or cannot
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pathogenicity
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Virulence is
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the degree of pathogenicity
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an epidemic covers a (small, large, worldwide)
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large area
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a pandemic covers a (small, large, worldwide)
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wordwide area
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a endemic covers a (small,large, worldwide)
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small area, and it happens frequently
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Who isolated lepers, buried their waste, and saved themselves from the plague?
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Moses and the Jews
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Who made doctors take oaths, belived that Disease was passed from one person to another, and that people had immune responses?
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the Greeks
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The _____ thought that seeds of Dx enters mouth to cause Dx
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Romans
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Who made the first compound microscope?
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Robert Hooke
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Who was the inventor of taxonomy?
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Linnaeus
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"cell theory" was proposed by?
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Schwann
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Cell theory consisted of two parts....
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a) cells are the foundation of life
b)new cells are formed from old |
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Who tried to disperse Spontaneous Generation using meat in a jar
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Redi
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Who had somethign to do with broth in flasks?
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Spallanzi
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Who used swan neck flasks to finally disprove spontaneous generation?
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Pasteur
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Who had 4 postulates, used in-vitro techniques, and dealth with anthrax?
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Koch
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What were Koch's postulates?
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1)Agent always seen with disease
2)isolate in pure culture 3)Inoculate into healthy host to cause disease 4)re-isolate agent(organism) |
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Who had something to do with linking Autopsy's of childbed(fever), and no washing of hands?
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Semmelweis
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Who used carbonic acid spray to disinfect wounds in surgery?
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Lister
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Who soaked threads in smallpox pus and passed the thread through a cut to immunize a child, "variolation"?
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Lady Montague
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Who had to do with cowpox variolations?
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Jenner
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Who realized that with chicken cholera, old cultures were less dangerous, and used them for immunization?
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Pasteur
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used a magic bullet to kill microbes (syphillis)
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Ehrlich
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Who had to do with pencillium molds, and found it difficult to isolate penicillin?
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Fleming
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Who mass produced penicillin?
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Chain and Florey
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What were the 5 functions of a skeleton?
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Movement
Protection of Organs Support Mineral Storage Hematopoeisis(making blood cells) |
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Two types of bone tissue are?
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Cancellous and Compact
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_________ bone tissue is also called spongy bone, is lightweight, and is made of trabeculae.
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Cancellous
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How much does a skeleton weigh at adult age?
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35-45 lbs
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What is the name for a mature bone cell?
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osteocyte
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____________ destroy bone cells, and osteoblasts are baby cells
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Osteoclasts
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Tendons connect muscles to ?
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bones
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Tendons connect bone to
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muscle
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The two main parts of a skeleton are the
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axial and appendicular
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The _____ bone connects to the tongue to keep it from fallign off
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hyoid
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what is the name of the flap below the tongue
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lingual frenulum
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The first 7 vertabrae are labled the ______ - # or the C-#
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cervical (ex. C1, C2)
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The atlas is the vertabrae that holds up the?
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head
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The _____ is the vertabrae that lets the head turn.
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axis
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Who mass produced penicillin?
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Chain and Florey
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What were the 5 functions of a skeleton?
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Movement
Protection of Organs Support Mineral Storage Hematopoeisis(making blood cells) |
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Two types of bone tissue are?
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Cancellous and Compact
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_________ bone tissue is also called spongy bone, is lightweight, and is made of trabeculae.
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Cancellous
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How much does a skeleton weigh at adult age?
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35-45 lbs
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What is the name for a mature bone cell?
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osteocyte
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____________ destroy bone cells, and osteoblasts are baby cells
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Osteoclasts
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Tendons connect muscles to ?
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bones
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Ligaments connect bone to
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bone
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The two main parts of a skeleton are the
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axial and appendicular
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The _____ bone connects to the tongue to keep it from fallign off
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hyoid
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what is the name of the flap below the tongue
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lingual frenulum
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The first 7 vertabrae are labled the ______ - # or the C-#
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cervical (ex. C1, C2)
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The atlas is the vertabrae that holds up the?
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head
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The _____ is the vertabrae that lets the head turn.
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axis
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This includes the clavicle, humerus, scapula, etc.
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Pectoral Girdle
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The most frequently broken bone is the?
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clavicle
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The scapula consists of the acromion process and the ______________, which forms the socket of the shoulder joint
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glenoid fossae
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The _____ is the bone under your biceps
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humerus
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The olecranal fossa is in the
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humerus
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The ____ articulates with the humerus and the carpals
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ulna
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The ______ is the bone that rotates in the radial notch on the ulna, an allows the rotation of the forearm. It also lines up with the thumb
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radius
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There are _ number of carpals
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8
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When you hear pisiform, you should think of the?
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carpals
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The metacarpals are in the ___ of the hand, and there are _ of them
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palm, 5
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the fingers and the thumb are collectivley called
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digits
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the fingers and the thumb are made of ______ bones
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phalange
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each finger has 3 bones, what are they
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the distal, middle, and proximal
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the name for the thumb is the
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pollex
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How many phalanges are there per hand?
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14 (thumb has 2)
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The name for the pelvis is the
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innominate
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What is made of fibrocartilage, and softens under influences of pregnancy hormones?
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the pubic symphysis
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The hip socket is also known as the
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acetabulum, or the vinegar bowl. (think acetate = vinegar and table=bowl lol)
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The longest, strongest, heaviest bone in the body is the
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femur
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the ____ articulates with the femur proximally, the talus distally.
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tibia
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Where does the patellar ligament attach?
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the tibial tuberosity
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the name for the kneecap is the
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patella
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What does sesmoid mean?
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shaped like a sesame seed i think
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How many tarsals are there?
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7
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The heel bone is called the
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calcaneus
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the achilles tendon is the
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tendocalcaneous
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the _______ is the rounded top of the calcaneus
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talus
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# of metatarsals?
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5
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How many digits are there on each foot and hand?
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5
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How many phalanges are there in each foot?
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14
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The big toe is called the
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hallux (made of 2 phalanges)
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The interior surface of the metatarsal is the
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sesmoid
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What color are spores in a malachite green test
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green
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what color are normal bacteria if you perform a malachite green test?
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red
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What chemical is used in testing for starch?
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iodine, and it turns black
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What chemical is used in testing for protien?
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Biuret’s Solution, turns purple from blue
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What chemical is used in testing for lipids?
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None, you just rub the food on a paper bag and see if a spot is left behind. Wait to see if the spot dries.
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What chemical is used in testing for monosaccharied? This only works on liquids.
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Benedicts Solution , and it wil turn either green for a little amount, orange for a medium amount, and baby caca orange/brown for a large amount.
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This was time consuming
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and hopefully useful
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