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111 Cards in this Set
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1. Mississippians were an American people centered on the city of_________ 2. What were they known for_____ 3. What time period_____ |
1. Cahokia 2. Land mounders 3. 8900-1300 |
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1. _______Sponsored Columbus's Voyages 2. What did they do to the Muslim Moors 3. What time period |
1. Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabela from Castille 2. They expelled Muslim Moors from the Iberian Peninsula, to make everyone Catholic 3.1492 |
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Pizarro conquered the ________ What was the ruler's name that he captured_____ 3. What time period_____ |
1. Inca Empire 2. Atahualpa 3. 1530's |
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1. ______ Was the first European settlement in what is now the American Southwest 2. What time___ |
1. Santa Fe 2. 1610 |
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1. ______Wrote the 95 Theses in which he protested the corruption in the Catholic Church 2. What was his impact 1520's |
1. Martin Luther 2. forever changed Christianity when he began the Protestant Reformation in 16th-century Europe. He called into question some of the basic tenets of Roman Catholicism, and his followers soon split from the Roman Catholic Church to begin the Protestant tradition. |
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1. ______ The Empire had its capital at Tenochtitlan 2. Where were they located, time period? |
1. Aztec 2. Central Mexico, Late 1400's early 1500's |
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1. Who Conquered the Aztec's 2. What time 3. What God did they believe he was 4. Who was the leader he captured |
1. Hernan Cortes 1519 3. Quetzalcoatl 4. Montezuma |
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The Treaty of Tordesillas split the world between____ and ___ for exploration and colonization 2. what time? 3. Who wanted to divide it? 4, What did the treaty instructed the two nations to do? |
1. Portugal (East), Spain (west) 2. 1494 3. The Pope 4. Instructed to treat the natives with Christian compassion and bring them under protection of the church |
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1. Created the Church of England 2. What did he do? |
1. Henry VIII 2. English Reformation: Turning country into a Protestant nation 1520's, married 6 women, fought with the Pope with divorce |
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Englishmen were likely sailing along the coast of ___before 1492 |
Caribbean? |
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After her half brother's death (Edward VI), ___took the throne of England and tried to bring back the Catholic Church in 1533 |
Mary I |
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____Called for the Spanish Armada to invade England 2. What time 3. What happened? |
King Philip II 2. 1590's 3. Failed to suppress the revolt in the Netherlands and lost the Spanish Armada in the attempted invasion in England |
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James I became King of England in 1603 after many years as king of____ |
Scotland |
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Was the first permanent English Settlement in North America 2. What time? 3. How did they choose this spot? |
1. Jamestown 2. 1607 3. Wanted to settle somewhere that was out of sight from the Spanish but close enough to the Indians |
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The winter of 1609-10 is known as the ___in Virginia |
The Starving Time |
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The First British colonial legislature was the ___in Virginia |
The House of Burgesses |
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The first Africans in Virginia were believed to be ____rather than enslaved |
Indentured servants |
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_____ Was the first document by English settlers that stated that the colony would make laws for the common good |
The Mayflower Compact, 1620 first agreement for self-government to be createdand enforced in America. On September 16, 1620 the Mayflower, a British ship, with 102 passengers, who called themselves Pilgrims, aboard sailed from Plymouth, England. They were bound for the New World. was signed on 11 November 1620 onboard the Mayflower shortly after she came to anchor off Provincetown Harbor. The Pilgrims had obtained permission from English authorities to settle in Virginia, whose northern border at the time extended up to what is now New York. |
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The religious group that founded Massachusetts Bay Colony was the _____ |
Puritans |
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Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson founded settlements that later became part of the colony of ____ |
Rhode Island |
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_____ Was the English Monarch who was beheaded at the end of the English Civil War 2. What time period? |
Charles I 2. 1629-1640'3. |
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The English Civil War was between the |
roundheads and cavaliers |
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____ ruled England during the Commonwealth 1649 |
Olivier Cromwell |
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In the Restoration, Royalists put ___on the throne |
Charles II |
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James II was removed from the throne in a bloodless coup called the ___ in 1688 2. What happened? |
1. Glorious Revolution 2. A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. |
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Founded Pennsylvania |
William Penn |
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The West India Company implemented this to encourage colonization. It granted large estates to wealthy landlords who paid passages for tenants to work their land |
Partoon System |
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John Rolfe |
John Rolfe arrived in Jamestown along with 150 other settlers in 1610, as part of a new charter organized by the Virginia Company. He began experimenting with growing tobacco, eventually using seeds grown in the West Indies to develop Virginia’s first profitable export. In 1614 When the new tobacco was sent to England, it proved immensely popular, helping to break the Spanish monopoly on tobacco and create a stable economy for Virginia. Rolfe married the Pocahontas, who had been taken captive by the English settlers and converted to Christianity. Rolfe returned to Virginia, remarried and served a prominent role in the economic and political life of the colony until his death in 1622. |
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The Virginia Company |
The plan to colonize Virginia began in 1606 when a group of merchants formed the Virginia Company of London. The investors, or "adventurers," expected the new colony would make England a world power and provide them profits in the form of gold, silver, copper, and gems. chartered by King James I of England established continental America’s first true legislature, the General Assembly, which was organized bicamerally. It consisted of the governor and his council |
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Elizabeth I |
Elizabeth's life was firmly in her sister's hands. (Mary was born Catholic, Elizabeth was born Protostant) n 1558, Elizabeth took the reins of her country after the death of her sister. She inherited a number of problems stirred up by Mary. The country was at war with France, which proved to be a tremendous drain on the royal coffers. There was also great tension between different religious factions after Mary worked to restore England to Roman Catholicism by any means necessary. In fact, she earned the nickname Bloody Mary for ordering the execution of 300 Protestants as heretics. she called for the passage of the Act of Supremacy, which re-established the Church of England, and the Act of Uniformity, which created a common prayer book. Elizabeth took a moderate approach to the divisive religious conflict in her country. |
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Board of Trade |
An English legislative body, based in London, that was instituted for the governing and economic controlling of the American colonies. |
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Navigation Acts |
Put taxes on trade Between late 1600s and the early 1700s, the British passed a series of laws to put pressure on the colonists (mostly tax laws). These laws are known as the Navigation Acts. |
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Sugar Act |
1764 was the first law ever passed by Parliament. The act was put in place for raising revenue in the colonies for the crown. It increased the taxes on foreign sugar, mainly from the West Indies. After protests from the colonists, the duties were lowered. |
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Stono Rebellion |
The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to Fort Mose in S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. |
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Were the first group to turn against slavery |
Quakers |
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Great Britain gives land to an "owner", and the owner runs the colony for a profit. What states is this effected in? |
Proprietary Colony Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania |
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Ruled directly by Great Britain and Parliament elected to a royal governor and council. What states is this effected in? |
Royal Colony Georgia, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, Carolina, and New Hampshire. |
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Ben Franklin |
1723 Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity. Liberty Company and the Academy of Philadelphia |
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In stark contrast to Puritanism, which emphasized outward actions as proof of salvation, the __________ focused on inward changes in the Christian's heart. |
The Great Awakening Affected British North America in the 1730s and 40s. True to the values of the Enlightenment, the Awakening emphasized human decision in matters of religion and morality. A revival movement meant to purify religion from material distractions and renew one's personal faith in God. The movement was a reaction against the waning of religion and the spread of skepticism during the Enlightenment of the 1700s. |
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_______ is often credited with starting the First Great Awakening in 1741 with his famous sermon 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.' |
Jonathan Edwards He believed in the idea called predestination that God had decided in advance who was damned and who was saved |
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__________ credited with starting the practice of preaching in public, since the Church of England wouldn't give him a pulpit. |
George Whitefield Like Edwards, Whitefield taught that people needed to have changed, repentant hearts. Began to preach in a much more energetic way. |
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_______ was a Military leader of the American Revolution, served as leader of the Constitutional Convention, and later became the first President of the U.S. Also Chartered the First National Bank |
George Washington |
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Called the French and Indian War in North America the __________ to the rest of the world |
The Ohio River Valley was pivotal in keeping the French Empire together. But, 1749, British Colonists (among them, George Washington) gained legal "rights" to the area. Washington, as lieutenant colonel, was sent with a militia to claim the land in 1754. A fight emerges and the French surrender. The French & Indian War breaks out Fought between France and England, in North America, Europe, West Indies, Philippines, Africa, and on the Ocean. Officially declared in 1756. |
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Effects of war in Britain |
Increased its colonial empire in the Americas- Greatly enlarged Britain's debt- Bitter feelings towards colonists (based on the unprofessional manner in which they acted during the war)- Felt a major reorganization of its American empire was necessary |
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Effects of war in colonies |
United them against a common enemy for the first time (common purpose)- Created a social experience for the colonies- Created bitter feelings towards Brits that would only grow |
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________ ended the seven year war |
The Treaty of Paris (1763) A treaty that completely eliminated the French from North America and India and established Brittan as the most powerful imperial power in Europe, which rendered it diplomatically isolated. Spain gained land west of the Mississippi River and New Orleans, but gave Florida to Britain. |
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The Indians, who had mainly supported the French, did not want colonists moving west, and _______ was an attempt by Indians to prevent that. |
1761 Pontiac’s War |
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_____ was a Frenchman who settled in New York territory in 1759; he wrote a book called Letters of an American Farmer that established a new standard for writing about America Suggested America was a melting pot |
Jean de Crèvecoeur |
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Colonies established by agreement with British government formed _______ Which states? |
Charter Colonies Connecticut and Rhode Island |
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In 1764 _______ was the Leader of Sons of Liberty after the Stamp Act and from the Stamp Act Congress which started the boycotts |
Samuel Adams |
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________ Was a philosopher who believed that all men were created equal: natural rights all have a) the right to government by the consent of the people b) the right to life, c) the right to liberty, d) the right to property (aka "pursuit of happiness"). |
John Locke An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690 |
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George III |
The new king during the Seven Years' War. Believed that the colonist should help pay the huge debt that occurred by financing the war. They said that the colonist were the beneficiaries of the war however the colonist believed the debt was paid in full by providing all of the soldiers for war. Parliament imposed many new taxes on the colonists: Sugar Act, Currency Act, Stamp Act, Navigation Act, and the Declaratory Act. |
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Another name for Loyalists |
Tories 20% of all colonial whites opposed rebellion- Both Tories and Whigs opposed Parliament's claim to tax colonies- Tories claimed separation was illegal- Tories held a profound reverence for crown |
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Proclamation of 1763 |
British established a line along the Appalachian Mountains, forbidding the colonists from moving west of the line |
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Sugar Act |
was the first law ever passed by Parliament. The act was put in place for raising revenue in the colonies for the crown. It increased the duties on foreign sugar, mainly from the West Indies. After protests from the colonists, the duties were lowered. |
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Currency Act |
The British ban on printing colonial money in order to alleviate British creditors' fears of being payed in the depreciated currency of the colonists. |
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Virginia Resolves |
No taxing unless by the Virginia House of Burgesses and anyone who defied it was considered the colonies enemy. most famous of the anti-Stamp Act resolutions passed by the House of Burgesses on May 30, 1765 which declared that the colonists were entitled to “all the liberties, privileges, franchises, and immunities . . . possessed by the people of Great Britain.” |
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Stamp Act Congress |
The Congress asked the king to get rid of the taxes, said that Parliament didn't have the right to tax them, and said that admiralty courts were unfair. |
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Non-importation |
Not to buy or sell goods to Britain, resulted in the British merchants complaining and the repeal the act. |
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Son's and Daughters of Liberty |
"Liberty, Property, and No Stamps,"also they enforced the non importation agreements against violators tactics had the dual effect of sending a message to Parliament and discouraging colonists from accepting appointments as stamp collectors. With no one to distribute the stamps, the Act became unenforceable. |
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Declaratory Act |
To save face, from the failure of the stamp act Parliament passed this asserting that Parliament had the “full power and authority to make laws . . . to bind the colonies and people of America . . . in all cases whatsoever.” However, colonists were too busy celebrating the repeal of the Stamp Act to take much notice of the Declaratory Act. But Britain still needed revenue from the colonies. reserved Parliament’s right to impose them. |
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Townshend Act |
New regulations on a light import duty of glass, white lead paper, paint, and tea. An indirect tax that was payed at American ports, so the colonists would not automatically see the tax put on their goods. |
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John Dickinson |
Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence. |
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Boston Massacre |
Many taxes against the colonists followed by British soldiers in their towns. he soldiers became angry and started destroying colonists property. The colonists became even more angry and started forming crowds and throwing rocks at the soldiers. British soldiers fired into the crowd killing some colonists. |
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News of the “Boston Massacre” spread quickly through the new resistance communication networks, aided by a famous engraving initially circulated by ________, which depicted bloodthirsty British soldiers with grins on their faces firing into a peaceful crowd. |
Paul Revere |
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Tea Act |
Parliament passed two acts to aid the failing East India Company, which had fallen behind in the annual payments it owed Britain. But the Company was not only drowning in debt; it was also drowning in tea, with almost 15 million pounds of it in stored in warehouses from India to England.1773, Parliament allowed the Company to sell its tea in the colonies directly and without the usual import duties. This would greatly lower the cost of tea for colonists, but, again, they resisted. |
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Coercive Acts |
Parliament passed four acts Colonists, however, referred to them as the “Intolerable Acts.” It was response to the Boston Tea Party, where the colonists dumped $10,000 of tea in the harbor. The acts were passed against the colony of Massachusetts until Boston could repay the money. |
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First Continental Congress |
Meeting of colonial delegates in Philadelphia to decide how to respond to increased taxes and abuses of authority by the British government; delegates petitioned King George III, listing the freedoms they believed colonists should enjoy. |
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Declaration of Rights and Grievances |
This document repeated the arguments that colonists had been making since 1765: colonists retained all the rights of native Britons, including the right to be taxed only by their own elected representatives as well as the right to trial-by-jury. |
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Lexington |
The town militia met them at the Lexington Green. The British ordered the militia to disperse when someone fired, setting off a volley from the British. The battle continued all the way to the next town, Concord. |
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Breed's Hill |
British troops marched through Breed's Hill near Boston where there were attacked by Washington's army who were hiding in the tall grass. The British retreated; on the third attempt, the colonists ran out of gunpowder, the British gained the higher land. |
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Thomas Paine |
Common Sense hopes of convincing public for a swift change in governemt - revolution - so they can have indepdence - self rule |
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George Washington |
1st president of the US 1789-97. Commander in chief of the Continental Army, he helped to win the Revolution by keeping his army together through the winter of 1777-78 at Valley Forge and winning a battle at Yorktown in 81. In 87, he led the convention at Philadelphia that wrote the US Constitution.During 2 terms, he followed a policy of neutrality and of expansion on the domestic front. |
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Dunmore's Proclamation |
a large scale confrontation between Virginia militia and some Shawnee warriors; no clear winner, but allowed thousands of settlers to come across the mountains |
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Richard Henry Lee |
introduced the resolution "that these United Colonies are, and of right out to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved of all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." |
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the British forces that had abandoned Boston arrived at New York. The largest expeditionary force in British history, including tens of thousands of German mercenaries known as ______ followed soon after. |
“Hessians |
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Battle of Saratoga |
The Continental Army defeated Burgoyne’s men at Saratoga, New York. This victory proved a major turning point in the war. Benjamin Franklin had been in Paris trying to secure a treaty of alliance with the French. However, the French were reluctant to back what seemed like an unlikely cause. News of the victory at Saratoga convinced the French that the cause might not have been as unlikely as they had thought. |
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Cornwallis |
Leader of the British Army in the Revolutionary war |
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Valley Forge |
Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutrition, Steuben comes and trains troops. |
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Articles of Confederation |
This document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781 during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage. |
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Treaty of Paris |
This treaty ended the revolutionary war, recognized the independence of the american colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of canada to the northern border of florida, and from the atlantic coast to the mississippi river |
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Loyalists |
American colonists who remained loyal to britain and opposed the war for independence |
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Daniel Shays |
Veteran, leader of the framers |
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Shays Rebellion |
Shay’s Rebellion was their protest, and it created national debate Shays' Rebellion was an armed uprising in Massachusetts during 1786 and 1787. Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays led four thousand rebels in an uprising against perceived economic and civil rights injustices. |
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Roger Sherman |
Signed The Articles of Association of 1774,the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the U.S. Constitution |
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Great Compromise |
the agreement by which Congress would have two houses, the Senate (where each state gets equal representation-two senators) and the House of Representatives (where representation is based on population). |
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James Wilson |
ne of the Founding Fathers of the United States and a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence; was elected twice to the Continental Congress, and was a major force in drafting the United States Constitution. A leading legal theorist, he was one of the six original justices appointed by George Washington to the Supreme Court of the United States. |
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George Mason |
Author of Virginia’s state Declaration of Rights, for a national bill of rights Anti-Federalist argued that without such a guarantee of specific rights, American citizens risked losing their personal liberty to the powerful federal government. |
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Alexander Hamilton |
was a founding father of the united states of America one of the most influential interpreters and promoters of the constitution the founder of the nation financial system, and 1st American of the political party. establish the national bank. |
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John Jay |
Chief Justice of the United States; in 1794 George Washington sent him to negotiate a treaty with England |
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Federalist Papers |
essays published in New York newspapers over course of 2 years James Madison, John Jay and Alexander Hamilton |
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Federalists |
supporters of the constitution during the debate over its ratification; favored a strong national government |
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Anti-Federalists |
Opposed to a strong central government; saw undemocratic tendencies in the Constitution and insisted on the inclusion of the Bill of Rights. Included Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and Patrick Henry. |
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Ratification |
official approval of the Constitution by state conventions; needed 9 of 13 states to ratify the Constitution. |
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Bill of Rights’ |
The first 10 amendments to the Constitution; protects individual rights of Americans |
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Thomas Jefferson |
-Democratic/Republican-limited central government-strict interpretation of constitution -economy based on farming-payment of only national debt |
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John Adams |
federalist-wanted a strong national govt.-loose interpretation of constitution-economy based on shipping & manufacturing-wanted payment of both national and state debts |
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Bank of the United States |
Hamilton created in his financial plan Link federal power and the country's economic vitality. State creditors would turn in their old notes to Treasury and receive new federal notes of the same face value→ though these bonds would circulate like money |
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Whiskey Rebellion |
-Washington made new taxes to help pay off war debt-farmers who grew grain to make whiskey were angry bc they couldn't afford it -they rebelled-Hamilton wants govt. to look strong so the govt. stopped the rebellion-Washington proved that the fed. govt. could make people obey law |
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Jay’s Treaty |
a treaty which offered little concessions from Britain to the U.S. and greatly disturbed the Jeffersonians.was able to get Britain to say they would evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil and pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. The British, however, would not promise to leave American ships alone in the future, and they decided that the Americans still owed British merchants for pre-Revolutionary war debts. |
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Edmund-Charles Genet |
French ambassador, 1793Americans had greeted him with wild enthusiasm. Citizen Genêt had encouraged Americans to act against Spain, a British ally, by attacking its colonies of Florida and Louisiana. |
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XYZ Affair |
the French government authorized its vessels to attack American shipping. To resolve this, President Adams sent envoys to France in 1797. The French insulted these diplomats. Some officials, whom the Americans code-named “X,” “Y,” and “Z” in their correspondence, hinted that negotiations could begin only after the Americans offered a bribe. |
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Quazi War |
An undeclared war between the U.S. and France. The American's built up their forces and Navy and spent the next 2 years attacking French ships and captured nearly ninety French vessels, while the French did the same. However, a real war was avoided because it was believed that it would divide the colonies and lead to a civil war. A delegation was sent to France to negotiate a peaceful end. This was a good call because it may have jeopardized the American purchase of Louisiana in 1803. |
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Alien and Sedition Acts |
Alain: Said that a person arriving in the United States had to wait 14 years to become a citizen. Sedition: Made it a crime for anyone to write or print articles criticizing the government. |
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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions |
Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. |
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Disestablishment |
Over the next six decades, however, that changed. In 1833, the final state, Massachusetts, stopped supporting an official religious denomination. Historians call that gradual process “disestablishment.” |
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Statute for Religious Freedom |
Measure enacted by the Virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship. Served as a model for the religion clause of the first amendment to the Constitution. |
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Aron Burr |
Jefferson's presidential candidate who received the same number of electoral votes for the presidency. He later joined a group of Federalist extremists to plot the secession of New England and New York. He killed Alex Hamilton in a duel. He was arrested for treason. |
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Election of 1800 |
the Republicans defeated Adams in a bitter and complicated presidential race.his election set an important precedent. Adams accepted his electoral defeat and left the White House peacefully. |
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Marbury v. Madison |
The night before leaving office in early 1801, Adams had appointed several men to serve as justices of the peace in Washington, D.C. By making these “midnight appointments,” Adams had sought to put Federalists into vacant positions at the last minute. |
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John Marshall |
Chief Justiceworked to increase the authority of the Supreme Court. These competing agendas clashed most famously in the 1803 case of Marbury v. Madison, which Marshall used to establish a major precedent. |
