Midterm 2

Front 1

Memory

Back 1

retention of information over time

Front 2

Suggestive memory techniques

Back 2

procedures that encourage patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place

Front 3

Memory illusion

Back 3

false but subjectively compelling memory

Front 4

Span

Back 4

how much information a memory system can retai

Front 5

Duration

Back 5

length of time for which a memory system can retain information

Front 6

Sensory memory

Back 6

brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short-term memory

Front 7

Iconic memory

Back 7

visual sensor memory

Front 8

Echoic memory

Back 8

auditory sensory memory

Front 9

Short term memory

Back 9

memory system that retains information for limited durations

Front 10

Decay

Back 10

fading of information

Front 11

Interference

Back 11

loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information

Front 12

Retroactive inhibition

Back 12

interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information

Front 13

Proactive inhibition

Back 13

-interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of information

Front 14

Magic number

Back 14

the span of short-term memory, according to George Miller; seven plus or minus two pieces of information

Front 15

Chunking

Back 15

organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short-term memory

Front 16

Rehearsal

Back 16

repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory

Front 17

Maintenance rehearsal

Back 17

repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short-term memory

Front 18

Elaborative rehearsal

Back 18

linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory

Front 19

Levels of processing

Back 19

depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it

Front 20

Long-term memory

Back 20

sustained (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills

Front 21

Permastore

Back 21

type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent

Front 22

Primacy effect

Back 22

tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

Front 23

Recency effect

Back 23

tendency to remember words at the end of list especially well

Front 24

Von Restorff effects

Back 24

tendency to remember words at the end of list especially well

Front 25

Serial position curve

Back 25

tendency to remember distinctive stimuli better than less distinctive stimuli

Front 26

Semantic memory

Back 26

graph depicting the effect of both primacy and recency on people’s ability to recall items on a list

Front 27

Episodic memory

Back 27

our knowledge of facts about the world

Front 28

Explicit memory

Back 28

recollection of events in our lives

Front 29

Implicit memory

Back 29

memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness

Front 30

Procedural memory

Back 30

memories we don’t deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

Front 31

Priming

Back 31

our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we’ve encountered similar stimuli

Front 32

Encoding

Back 32

process of getting information into our memory banks

Front 33

Mnemonic

Back 33

a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall

Front 34

Storage

Back 34

process of keeping information in memory

Front 35

Schema

Back 35

- organized knowledge structure or mental model that we’ve stored in memory

Front 36

Retrieval

Back 36

reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores

Front 37

Retrieval cues

Back 37

hints that make it easier for us to recall information

Front 38

Recall

Back 38

- generating previously remembered information

Front 39

Recognition

Back 39

selecting previously remembered information from an array of options

Front 40

Relearning

Back 40

reacquiring knowledge that we’d previously learned but largely forgotten over time

Front 41

Distributed versus massed practice

Back 41

studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in large increments over a brief amount of time (massed)

Front 42

Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon

Back 42

experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it

Front 43

Encoding specificity

Back 43

phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it

Front 44

Context

Back 44

dependent learning-superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context

Front 45

State-dependent learning

Back 45

superior retrieval or memories when the organism in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding

Front 46

Long term potentiation

Back 46

gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation

Front 47

Retrograde amnesia

Back 47

loss of memories from our past

Front 48

Anterograde amnesia

Back 48

inability to encode new memories from our experiences

Front 49

Flashbulb memories

Back 49

emotional memories that are extraordinarily vivid and detailed

Front 50

Source monitoring

Back 50

ability to identify the origins of a memory

Front 51

Cryptomnesia

Back 51

failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else

Front 52

Misinformation effect

Back 52

creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an even after it takes place