Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The ability to store and retrieve information over time |
Memory |
|
The process by which we transform what we perceive think, or feel into an enduring memory |
Encoding |
|
The process of maintaining information in memory over time |
Storage |
|
The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded or stored |
Retrieval |
|
The process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory |
Elaborative Encoding |
|
The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures |
Visual Imagery Encoding |
|
The process of categorizing information by noticing the relationships among a series of items |
Organizational Encoding |
|
Holds sensory information for a few seconds or less |
Sensory Memory |
|
A fast-decaying store of visual information |
Iconic Memory |
|
A fast-decaying store of auditory information |
Echoic Memory |
|
Holds nonsensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute |
Short-Term Memory (STM) |
|
The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it |
Rehearsal |
|
Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks |
Chunking |
|
Active maintenance of information in STM |
Working Memory |
|
Holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years |
Long-Term Memory (LTM) |
|
The inability to transfer new information from the STM store into the LTM store |
Anterograde Amnesia |
|
The inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation |
Retrograde Amnesia |
|
A process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier |
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) |
|
A type of receptor site in the brain that influences the flow of information from one neuron to another by controlling the initiation of LTP in most hippocampal pathways |
NDMA Receptor |
|
External inforamtion that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind |
Retrieval Cue |
|
The idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way the information was initially encoded |
Encoding Specificity Principle |
|
The tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval |
State-Dependent Retrieval |
|
States that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match |
Transfer-Appropriate Processing |
|
A process by which retrieving an item from LTM impairs subsequent recall of related items |
Retrieval-Induced Forgetting |
|
The act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences |
Explicit Memory |
|
The influence of past experiences on later behavior and performance, even though people are not trying to recollect them and are not aware they are remembering them |
Implicit Memory |
|
The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice or "knowing how" to do things |
Procedural Memory |
|
An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus |
Priming |
|
A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world |
Semantic Memory |
|
The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place ("mental time travel") |
Episodic Memory |
|
Forgetting what occurs after a passage of time |
Transience |
|
Situations in which later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier |
Retroactive Interference |
|
Situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later |
Proactive Interference |
|
A lapse in attention that results in memory failure |
Absentmindedness |
|
Remembering to do things in the future |
Prospective Memory |
|
A failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it |
Blocking |
|
The temporary inability to retrieve information that is stored in memory, accompanied by the feeling that you are on the verge of recovering the information |
Tip-of-the-Tongue Experience |
|
Recall of when, where, and how information was acquired |
Source Memory |
|
A feeling of familiarity about something that has not been encountered before |
False Recognition |
|
Tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections |
Suggestibility |
|
The distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences |
Bias |
|
The intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget |
Persistence |
|
Detailed recollection of when and where we heard about shocking events |
Flashbulb Memory |