Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Clone |
A population of cells derived from a single cell |
|
|
Strain |
Genetically different cells contained within a clone (colony) |
|
|
Classification of Viruses |
Viruses are not placed in a kingdom. They are not composed of cells and cannot grow without a host cell.A viral species is a population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche. |
|
|
pH requirements for growth |
Most bacteria between pH 6.5 and 7.5 Molds and yeasts grow between 5 and 6 Acidophiles grow in acidic environments |
|
|
Prokaryotic species |
A population of cells with similar characteristics |
|
|
Culture |
Any culture medium grown in laboratory media |
|
|
Culture |
Any culture medium grown in laboratory media |
|
|
Why don't viruses fit into the taxonomical hierarchy structure? |
- Not technically a living organism - No RNA - Acellular |
|
|
Biofilms |
Microbes adhere to surfaces and accumulate on solid surfaces in contact with water. - biofilm a form on teeth, contact lenses, medical implants, etc. - microbes in biofilms are more resistant to antibiotics then free-swimming microbes |
|
|
How do microbes grow? |
They always stay about the same size.
Divide into equal daughter cells. - Population of clones with a few random mutations. |
|
|
What causes plasmolysis? |
Hypertonic environments, or an increase in salt or sugar. *cytoplasm shrinks |
|
|
What chemicals are needed for life to survive? |
Carbon Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorous Trace Elements |
|
|
Fastidious organisms |
Organisms that require many growth factors |
|
|
Capnophiles |
Microbes that require high CO2 conditions |
|
|
Selective Media Enrichment Culture |
1) Suppress unwanted microbes and encourage desired microbes 2) Encourages growth of desired microbe |
|
|
Why does a colony not grow to an infinite size, or at least fill the confines of the Petri plate? |
Competition for limited resources does not allow unlimited growth |
|
|
Nonsense mutation |
Premature termination of polypeptide |
|
|
Missense mutation |
Incorrect amino acid substituted |
|
|
Silent mutation |
No change in amino acid sequence |
|
|
Induction |
The process that turns on the transcription of a gene. |
|
|
Death phase |
The period of logarithmic decrease in a bacterial population; also called logarithmic decline phase. |
|
|
rRNA |
Ribosomal RNA The type of RNA that forms ribosomes |
|
|
Horizontal Gene Transfer |
Transfer of genes between two organisms in the same generation. |
|
|
Vertical Gene Transfer |
Transfer of genes between two organisms in different generations. |
|
|
Transformation |
genes transferred from one bacteria to another as naked DNA |
|
|
Obligate Anaerobe |
An organism that does not use molecular oxygen (O2) and is killed in the presence of O2 |
|
|
Eukarya |
All eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi and protists); members of the Domain Eukarya |
|
|
Phototroph |
An organism that uses light as its energy source and carbon dioxide as its carbon source. |
|
|
Aerotolerant Anaerobes |
An organism that does not use molecular oxygen but is not affected by its presence. |
|
|
Repressor |
A protein that binds to the operator site to prevent transcription. |
|
|
Promoter |
The starting site on a DNA strand for transcription of RNA by RNA polymerase. |
|
|
Archaea |
Domain of prokaryotic cells lacking peptidoglycan; one of the three domains |
|
|
Auxotroph |
A mutant microorganism with a nutritional requirement that is absent in the parent. |
|
|
Antisepsis |
A chemical method for disinfection of the skin or mucous membranes; the chemical is called an antiseptic. |
|
|
Semiconservative replication |
The process of DNA replication in which each double-stranded DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand. |
|
|
Mesophile |
An organism that grows between about 10 degrees C and 50 degrees C; a moderate-temperature-loving microbe. Humans |
|
|
Sanitization |
The removal of microbes from eating utensils and food preparation areas. |
|
|
Generalized Transduction |
The transfer of bacterial chromosome fragments from one cell to another by a bacteriophage. |
|
|
Asepsis |
The absence of contamination by unwanted organisms |
|
|
Nonionizing radiation |
Short-wavelength radiation that does not cause ionization; UV radiation as an example |
|
|
Psychrophile |
An organism that grows best at about 15degrees C and does not grow above 20 degrees C; a cold-loving microbe |
|
|
log phase |
The period of bacterial growth or logarithmic increase in cell numbers; also called exponential growth phase. |
|
|
Base substitution |
The replacement of a single base in DNA by another base, causing a mutation; also called point mutation. |
|
|
Binary fission |
Prokaryotic cell reproduction by division into two daughter cells |
|
|
RNA primer |
A short strand of RNA used to start synthesis of the lagging strand of DNA, and to start the polymerase chain reaction. |
|
|
Nonsense mutation |
A base substitution in DNA that results in a nonsense codon. |
|
|
Inducer |
A chemical or environmental stimulus that causes transcription of specific genes. |
|
|
Catalase |
An enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide. |
|
|
Microaerophile |
An organism that grows best in an environment with less molecular oxygen than is normally found in air |
|
|
Frameshift mutation |
A mutation caused by the addition or deletion of one or more bases in DNA. *extremely detrimental - permissable only if an entire triplet is removed or added. - Neutral mutation are permissable if triplet codes for the same triplet codon. |
|
|
Obligate aerobe |
An organism that requires molecular oxygen to live. |
|
|
Sterilization |
The removal of all microorganisms, including endospores. |
|
|
Transduction |
The transfer of DNA from one cell to another by a bacteriophage. |
|
|
Autoclave |
Equipment for sterilization by steam under pressure, usually operated at 15 psi and 121 degrees C. |
|
|
Facultative anerobe |
An organism that can grow with or without molecular oxygen. |
|
|
mRNA |
Messenger RNA The type of RNA molecule that directs the incorporation of amino acids into proteins. |
|
|
Stationary phase |
The period in a bacterial growth curve when the number of cells dividing equals the number dying |
|
|
Capnophiles |
A microorganism that grows best at relatively high CO2 concentrations. |
|
|
Nonsense codon |
A codon that does not encode any amino acid |
|
|
Plasmylosis |
Loss of water from a cell in a hypertonic environment. |
|
|
Repression |
The process by which a repressor protein can stop the synthesis of a protein |
|
|
Lagging strand |
During DNA replication, the daughter strand that is synthesized discontinuously. |
|
|
Lag phase |
The time interval in a bacterial growth curve during which there is no growth. |
|
|
thermophile |
An organism whose optimum growth temperature is between 50 degrees C and 60 degrees C. A heat loving microbe |
|
|
DNA polymerase |
Enzyme that synthesizes DNA by copying a DNA template. |
|
|
Missense mutation |
A mutation that results in the substitution of an amino acid in a protein. |
|
|
Specialized transduction |
The process of transferring a piece of a cell DNA adjacent to a prophage to another cell. |
|
|
Hot air sterilization |
Sterilization by the use of an oven at 170 degrees C for approximately 2 hours. |
|
|
Disinfection |
Any treatment used on inanimate objects to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms; a chemical used is called a disinfectant. |
|
|
Photolyase |
An enzyme that splits thymine dimers in the presence of visible light. |
|
|
Operon |
The operator and promoter sites and structural genes they control |
|
|
Strain |
Genetically different cells within a clone. |
|
|
Bacterial Growth Curve Phases |
1. Lag Phase - Intense activity prepping for pop. growth 2. Log Phase - Log or exponential increase in pop. 3. Stationary Phase - Period of equilibrium; deaths balance production of new cells 4. Death Phase - Pop. is decreasing at a logarithmic rate |
|
|
Reproduction in Prokaryotes |
Binary Fission - most Budding - Yeast Conidiospores - Fungi Fragmentation of filaments |
|
|
Fastidious |
Organisms that require many growth factors |
|
|
Krebs Cycles |
Decarboxylation of pyruvic acid produces one CO2 molecule and one acetyl group. Two-carbon acetyl groups are oxidized in the Krebs cycle. Electrons are picked up by NAD+ and NAD for the ETC. From one molecule of glucose, oxidation produces six molecules of NADH, two molecules of FADH2, and two molecules of ATP. |
|
|
Alternatives to glycolysis |
Pentose Phosphate Pathway - Uses 5 carbon sugars Entner-Doudoroff pathwayC |
|
|
Cellular Respiration |
ETC - Electron Transport Chain - Does not always require O2 - ATP generated in ETC by oxidative phosphorlyation. |
|
|
Fermentation |
Releases energy from sugars or other organic molecules by oxidation. O2 is not required 2 ATP molecules are produced. |
|
|
How many ATP are produced by eukaryotes and prokaryotes? |
Eukaryotes - 36 ATP molecules Aerobic Prokaryotes - 38 ATP molecules |
|
|
Direct Microscopic Count |
Number of bacteria/ ml = # of cells counted/ Vol. of area counted |
|
|
1. Degerming 2. Biocide/ Germicide 3. Bacteriostasis |
1. removing microbes from a limited area. 2. Killing microbes 3. Inhibiting, not killing, microbes |
|
|
Structure of Operon |
Consists of the promoter and operator sites and structural genes that code for the protein. the operon is regulated by the product of the regulatory gene. |
|
|
1. Base Substitution 2. Missense mutation 3. Nonsense mutation 4. Frameshift mutation |
1. Change in one base 2. Base substitution results in change in amino acid 3. Base substitution results in a nonsense codon. 4. Insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs. |
|
|
Spontaneous mutations |
occur in the absence of a mutagen. |
