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192 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prokaryotae Kingdom characteristics
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-Prokaryotic, unicellular, rigid cell wall, asexual reproduction
-includes Domains "Bacteria" and "Archaea" -Ribosomal RNA molecular analysis shows primitive bacteria were ancestral to all modern cellular life forms -Viruses to do fit in any kingdom but will be discussed with prokaryotes. |
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Protista Kingdom characteristics
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-Some photosynthetic, eukaryotic, external pellicle, unicellular, asexual/sexual reproduction [PEEU AS]
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Protista organisms
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*all algae are now considered Protista
-unicellular & multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotic algae (Brown, Red, Euglenids, Diatoms [BRED]) -Absorptive Protozoa: ---->Amebas, Flagellates (Trypanosomes, Trichomonas, Giardia) ---->non-motile forms (Plasmodium, Cryptosporiodium) |
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Fungi Kingdom characteristics
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-Eukaryotic, multinucleate, asexual/sexual spore formation for reporduction, chitin cell wall, non-photosynthetic
a)Zygomycota b)Ascomycota c)Anamorphs d)Basidiomycota |
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Zygomycota
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Algae-like fungi
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Ascomycota
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-Fungi Kingdom
-Unicellular forms (yeast) -Sexual spore formation = Ascus |
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Anamorphs
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1. Fungi Imperfecti
2. No known sexual stage 3. Most human pathogens 4. Dimorphism (mycelial in vitro; yeast in vivo) |
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Basidiomycota
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-mushrooms
-toadstools -Rusts -Smuts (plant pathogen) |
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Plantae Kingdom characteristics
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-Eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthetic, cellulose cell walls, sexual reproduction
-Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms |
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Animalae Kingdom characteristics
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-Eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell wall, sexual reproduction
-clinically significant worms: Flukes, Tapeworms, Schistosomes, Roundworms |
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Chitin
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-Fungi have chitin cell wall
-Polysaccharide (not peptidoglycan which is found in bacteria) |
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Binomial Nomenclature
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Genus, species (underlined)
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Morphology Classification (I)
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Shapes, Aggregates, and Colonies
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Shapes of bacteria
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Rods, cocci, spirilum, vibrios, spirochetes, etc.
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Aggregates of bacteria
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Chains, pairs, clusters, motility (flagella patterns), granules, spores
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Colonies of bacteria
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Colony morphology
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Staining Classification (II)
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a) Gram staining
b) Acid-fast, Giemsa's c) Flagella, granules, capsules, spores |
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Gram Stain
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Gram Positive = thick peptidoglycan
Gram Negative = outer membrane and thin peptidoglycan |
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Acid-fast
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-Mycobacterium
-non pathogenic mycobacterium in ear and male genitalia -pathogenic in sputum from lung (long bunches of red blops [TB]) |
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Giemsa's Stain
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-used on tissues (usually STD's) []
-blood (malaria) [Plasmodium] |
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Spores stain
(bacillus/clostridium) |
-vegetative cells are red
-spores are green |
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Physiological Attributes characteristics
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a) Nutrition
b) Environmental Optima c) Biochemical usage/metabolic products |
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Nutrition
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1) Photoautotrophs
2) Chemoautotrophs 3) Heterotrophs |
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Photoautotrophs
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-make their own nutrients via photosynthesis (chlorophyll w/ Mg --> electron)
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Chemoautotrophs
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-Free-living (inorganic nutrients such as NH3, H2S, CO2)
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Heterotrophs
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-organic compounds as nutrients
-E.coli (intestines -> carbohydrates, amino acids, etc.) |
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Environmental Optima
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1) O2
2) Temperature 3) pH |
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02-type utilizations
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1) Aerobic
2) Anaerobic 3) Facultative 4) Microaerophilic 5) Aerotolerant 6) Capnophilic |
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Aerobic
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O2 is to pick up waste electrons [H+]
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Anaerobic
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O2 is poisonous to them
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Facultative
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-either/or...depends, some prefer anaerobic but can grow aerobic or vice versa
-example is yeast |
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Microaerophilic
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-require reduced O2 levels
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Aerotolerant
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-anaerobic bacteria; however, can grow in presence of O2
-have mechanism to stop O2 from preventing their metabolism |
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Capnophilic
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-required reduced O2 levels, but prefer higher CO2 levels
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Temperature (Physiological Attributes of Bacteria)
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-Thermophilic
-Mesophilic -Psychrophilic -Hyperthermophilic |
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Thermophilic
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heat-loving
hot springs 50-60 degrees C |
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Mesophilic
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middle
20-30 degrees C |
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Psychrophilic
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prefer low or colder temperatures
5-10 degrees C |
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Hyperthermophilic
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>95 degree C
121 degree C (autoclave temp) pressure: 200-300 atm |
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pH of bacteria
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normal range 6.8 - 7.2
8.1 - 8.2 (Botulism) |
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Acidophiles
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low pH
-Lactobacillus -Helicobacter |
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Lactobacillus
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-vaginal tract: utilize sugars from cervix and vagina
-produces lactic acid and drops pH to 4.5 (discourages other microbes from growing) -defensive factor |
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Helicobacter
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-grows in stomach (pH in stomach is 1.6 [~2.0])
-survival by growing in mucus/glands to protect itself from the low pH -also, converts urea and creates ammonia to neutral HCl -responsible for most ulcers |
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Virulence comparisons
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a) Animal pathogenicity
b) Syndromes in human being |
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Animal Pathogenicity
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-test for certain virulence
-Botulism: 1) look for neurological symptoms such as dizziness/ no focus 2) isolate the cause (food) 3) test fluid from food & inject into mouse (virulence test for mice) |
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Syndromes in human beings
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-pattern of symptoms are usually for a given body system
-G.I.: nausea, diarrhea, dehydration -U.R.I: fever, myalgia, headache, non-productive cough, sore throat, runny nose -U.G.: urogenital, STD -CNS: botulism -Skin" measles -Lymph nodes |
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Genetic classification
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a) DNA Fingerprinting, PCR, Hybridization and probes, DNA Chips
b) Ribosomal RNA sequence analysis |
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DNA Fingerprinting
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every bacteria's DNA contain different patterns (electrophoresis)
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PCR
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small amount of DNA can be amplified/copied
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Hybridization
(Genetic Classification of Bacteria) |
nitrogen bases hold DNA strands together
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Probes
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-pieces of DNA from certain microbes
-helps ID bacteria |
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DNA Chips
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-DNA from organisms go onto plate and can tell how much DNA has stuck
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Bases are paired
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-DNA compared to see ratio and compare relatedness
-A&T -C&G |
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Ribosomal RNA sequence analysis
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3-prong domain system
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Antigens/Serology
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a) Microbial
b) "Serotypes" c) Flow Cytometry |
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Microbial
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-Immune response
-Proteins on microbes (cell wall, capsule, flagella, enzymes, toxin, virus coat) -The above proteins trigger body's response by forming small proteins called antibodies |
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Antibodies
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-special lymphocytes which can target & recognize to remove foreign proteins
-"immunity" or "resistance" |
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Self-antigens
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genetic library prior to birth
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Non-self antigens
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foreign antigens
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Serotypes
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- Antigenic differentiation
- groups of cells derived from a single cell |
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Serum
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-contain antibodies
-example: HIV positive (been exposed to HIV virus/antigen, antibodies are present) |
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Phylum order
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class
orders families Genus species |
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Proteobacteria
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-Phylum
-Gram-Negative -Contains most human natural microbia (normal flora) -Rods, cocci, spriilla, vibrios: and all oxygen-requirements and metabolic types (alpha, beta, etc) |
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Chlamydiae
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Phylum
-can change shape inside human hosts and cause infection (extremely small, intracellular pathogens) -Gram-Negative |
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Cyanobacteria
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-Phylum
-uses H2O as H donor -Oxygenic photosynthetic forms -no chloroplasts, but have chlorophyll -Gram-Negative |
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Spirochetes
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-Phylum
-Spiral, thread-like -helical cells with amphitrichous flagella within an envelope (sheath) -Protoplastic cylinder -trashing motion (see picture) -Gram-Negative |
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Chlorobi/Chloroflexi
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-Phylum
-Green sulfur bacteria -Photosynthetic -Anoxygenic (uses bacterial chlorophylls) -Uses H2S as H donor -Gram-Negative |
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Firmacutes
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-Phylum
-Gram-Positive -cocci and rods -low G+C ratio -contains spore formers (bacillus and clostridium) -staphlyococcus -streptococcus -mycoplasma -lactobacillus |
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Actinobacteria
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-Phylum
-Gram-Positive -contains genus Mycobacteria and Streptomyces -"ray," thread-like -high G+C ratio |
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Mycobacteria
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-Genus, belongs to Actinobacteria (Phylum)
-Mycobacterium Tuberculosis -Mycobacterium leprae |
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Streptomyces
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-Genus, belongs to Actinobacteria (Phylum)
-prokaryotic -fungi-like "miniature" -peptidoglycan gram positive cell wall -found world-wide in soil -antibiotics founded from here (world's largest source): Streptomycin, Doxycycline, Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Chloramphenicol |
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Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
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-Consumption
-pts would cough up blood -die of respiratory failure -packed macrophages on lungs -cause of death among AIDS patients -if positive test, use I.N.H. (for early stages and no lung lesions) -Rx: INH, PZA, RIFAMPIN |
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Mycobacterium leprae
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-under Genus Mycobacterium
-under Phylum Actinobacteria -Leprosy (about 15 mil cases: mainly Asia) |
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Domain Archaea
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-Halophiles, Methanogens, Hyperthermophiles, Acidophiles
-lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls and are rods, cocci, and helical -live in extreme environments |
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Spirochete Pathogens
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-Syphilis
-Lyme Disease |
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Syphilis
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-Etiology Agent is Treponema pallidum (5-15 micrometers)
-Males have sores on penis and/or scrotum -Females have sores on vagina and/or cervix |
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Halophiles
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-under Domain Archaea
-love salty environment (ex: Dead Sea 30% concentration and Great Salt Lake) |
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Syphilis
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see picture in notes
1) Primary Syphilis 2) Secondary Syphilis 3) Tertiary Syphilis 4) Congenital Syphilis 5) Latent Syphilis Rx: Penicillin G/ Benzathine Penicillin |
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Primary Syphilis
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10-21 days after contact: Chancre on genitalia will eventually heal
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Secondary Syphilis
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-6-8 weeks later; fever, skin and mucous membrane rash (Lesions are teeming with spirochetes) Direct contact can result in transmission
-spirochetes go deeper into tissue -at this point, pt can heal or have recurring spouts for a few years |
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Tertiary Syphilis
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-1/3 of pts develop tertiary syphilis
-1-10 years later: Gummas, CNS & Cardiac lesions (Inflammation masses, Dementia, Aortic Stenosis) - |
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Congenital Syphilis
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-Baby infected "In Utero"----Second Trimester
-can occur in pts with secondary or tertiary syphilis |
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Latent Syphilis
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-Positive reactive serologic test in absence of any signs or symptoms
-Will often persist until Tertiary stage -beyond primary stage and not showing secondary stage |
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Gummas
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-masses of inflamed tissue (skin, bone, liver, etc.)
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Cardiovascular effects of Syphilis
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-aortic stenosis
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Brain effects of Syphilis
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-neurosyphilis (nerve damage, funny walk, dementia)
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Lyme Disease
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-caused by tick-borne spirochete: Borrelia burgdorferi
-causes chronic infection of joints, skin, heart, and CNS -fever -meningitis -Bull's Eye Rash -Rx: Cephtriaxone (rocephin) -In the west: "Western Black-legged" tick |
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Bull's Eye Rash
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-Lyme Disease
-Spreading red ring with clear central area at site of bite |
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Absorptive Protozoa
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1) Amebas, Flagellates (Trypanosomes, Trichomonas, Giardia)
2) Non-motile forms: Plasmodium, Cryptosporiodium |
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Rickettsia
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1) Coccobacilli, 0.8-2 micrometers
2) Prokaryotic, Gram -, Proteobacteria 3) Obligate Intracellular Parasitess |
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Rickettsia Diseases
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1) Rickettsia rickettsii
2) R. prowazekii 3) R. typhi 4) Coxiella burnetti |
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Pathogensis of Rickettsia
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-multiply in endothelial cells lining in small blood vessels.
-toxin damage causes leakage, thrombosis, rash, and high fever (105degree F) |
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Rx for Rickettsia
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-diseases respond well to tetracycline and cloramphicol
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Obligate Intracellular Parasites
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-to survive, bacteria must invade cell and rob metabolic pathway of host
-do not have enzymes --> incomplete metabolism |
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Rickettsia rickettsii
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-Tx: tick (dermacentor; hard-body)
-Rocky Mountain Spotted Fevor (RMSF) -toxin can reach heart and weakens it, leading to a heart attack |
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Rickettsia prowazekii
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-Tx: body lice (Louseborne)
-Typhus Fever |
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Rickettsia typhi
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-Tx: cat/dog flea in L.A. county
-Murine Typhus |
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Coxiella burnetti
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-considered a Rickettsia disease
-Tx: contaminated milk -Q fever |
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Chlamydiae
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-exhibits affinity for epithelial cells of mucous membranes
1) 0.2-0.4 micrometers, coccoid 2) obligate intracellular parasite 3) Gram negative-like cell wall without peptidoglycan (like Archaea) 4) Two forms of developmental cycle |
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2 forms of development cycle for Chlamydia
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1) Elementary body - infective form
2) Reticulate body - reproductive form |
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Chlamydiae diseases
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1) C. trachomatis (Trachoma)
2) C. trachomatis (STD = Urethritis and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) Rx: Azithromycin and Doxycycline |
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C. trachomatis (Trachoma)
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-world's leading cause of blindness
-causes severe conjuctivitis that causes scarring -found in very dry, arid climates such as N. Africa and Middle East |
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Conjuncitivitis
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1) Blinking scrapes cornea
2) Upper eyelid turns in & stiff eyelashes scratch cornea |
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C. trachomatis (STD = Urethritis and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)
IN MEN |
-is the most common cause of NGU (nongonococcal urethritis)
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C. trachomatis (STD = Urethritis and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)
IN WOMEN |
-is asymptomatic
-can lead to PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) |
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PID
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-Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
-this is a form of Salpingitis |
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Salpingitis
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-Necrosis & obstruction of fallopian tubes, cervicitis and even endometritis
-leading cause of infertility and ectopic pregnancies |
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Mycoplasma
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-closely related to gram positive
-smallest autonomous microbes -colonies are less than 1 mm in diameter and have a fried-egg appearance -Rx:Tetracycline and Erythromycin |
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Mycoplasma characteristics
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1) 0.1 to .25 micrometer (virus size!)
2) pleomorphic (no regular shape) 3) free-living (can grow on agar and produce colonies) 4) lack a rigid cell wall!!!!!!! (cannot use penicillin to treat) |
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Mycoplasma diseases
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1) Mycoplasma pneumoniae
2) Ureaplasma urealyticum |
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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-lung infection
-primary atypical pneumonia -"walking pneumonia" -10% of the total of all x-ray diagnosed pneumonias (90% are due to other bacteria/viruses/fungi) |
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Ureaplasma urealyticum
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-NGU (nongonococcal urethritis)
-considered an STD |
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History and Technology Necessary for study of viruses
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1) Iwanowski, Biejerinch
2) Stanley 3) Technology |
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Iwanowski, Biejerinch (viruses)
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-TMV (Tobacco Mosaic virus)
-"Contagious Living Fluid" |
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Stanley (viruses)
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-purified and isolated TMV
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Technology (viruses)
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-Ultracentrifuge
-Electron Microscope -Tissue Culture |
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Characteristics of Animal Viruses
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1) 20 to 350 nanometers
2) Virion: complete infectious particle 3) Symmetry of shape 4) Complex Subunit Assembly - Capsomeres 5) Obligate Intracellular Parasites |
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Viruses AKA...
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molechisms (molecule and organism)
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Virion
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-complete infectious particle: vehicle of transmission
a) DNA or RNA (not both) inside of Protein Coat (Capsid) b) some have envelope of glycoprotein and lipid. May have spikes. |
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Symmetry of shape
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a) helical - straight cylinder
b) polyhedral - shape of icosahedron: 20 triangle faces, 12 corners c) complex viruses: bacteriophages, poxvirus |
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Complex Subunit Assembly
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capsomeres
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Replication of Animal Viruses (steps)
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1) Adsorption
2) Endocytosis 3) Uncoating (enzymatic removal of capsid) 4) DNA/RNA replication (early genes), then capsid synthesis (late genes) 5) Maturation (assembly of capsids and nucleic acid units) 6) Release by Autolysis or Budding (release of naked virus or enveloped) |
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Replication of Animal Viruses (step 1)
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Adsorption: virus sticks to cell like velcro
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Replication of Animal Viruses (step 2)
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Endocytosis
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Replication of Animal Viruses (step 3)
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Uncoating (enzymatic removal of capsid): lyzosomes breakdown the vacuole/envelope and release DNA or RNA
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Replication of Animal Viruses (step 4)
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-DNA/RNA replication (early genes): DNA copies by cell machinery
-then capsid synthesis (late genes): capsid copies (incomplete coats, but many!) |
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Replication of Animal Viruses (step 5)
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Maturation (assembly of capsids and nucleic acid units): visible mass/packets of maturing viruses called "inclusion body"
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Replication of Animal Viruses (step 6)
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Release by:
Autolysis (non envelope/naked) OR Budding (enveloped) |
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Effects of Animal Viral Infections on Host Cells
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1) No visible change (yet there are internal interruptions)
2) CPE 3) Interferon production 4) Transformation 5) Laten Viral Infection |
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Effects of Animal Viral Infections on Host Cells (CPE)
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-Cytopathic effect
a) inclusion bodies b) polykaryocyte (fusion) c) chromosome breakage |
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Effects of Animal Viral Infections on Host Cells (Interferon production)
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-An animal glycoprotein synthesized by virus-infected cells which spreads to healthy cells and prevents virus take-over
-first line of defense (natural defense) -virus specific |
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Effects of Animal Viral Infections on Host Cells (Transformation process)
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-normal cells transformed to tumor cells
a) Bishop/Varmus (oncogene): oncogenes activated-induce tumor b) Oncogenic Viruses c) Tumor cell properties |
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Effects of Animal Viral Infections on Host Cells (Latent viral infection)
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-long periods without symptoms (asymptomatic)
-HPV = human herpes virus - lysogeny (virus integrates with neuron/DNA) -see notes |
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Effects of Animal Viral Infections on Host Cells (Transformation process: Oncogenic Viruses)
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useless mass of useless cells that caused tumors
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Effects of Animal Viral Infections on Host Cells (Transformation process: tumor cell properties)
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1) new shape
2) DNA changes 3) rapid division 4) produce new antigens |
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Viral Classification
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1) type of nucleic acid
2) envelope 3) symmetry 4) size 5) pathogenesis 6) antigens |
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Viral Infections by target organ
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1) Tumors
2) Skin 3) Salivary Glands 4) Respiratory 5) Gastrointestinal 6) Liver 7) CNS 8) Lymph Nodes/T-Helper Lymphocytes |
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Viral Infections by Target Organ (Tumors)
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Oncogenic Viruses:
a) warts - HPV (STD; venereal), may trigger cervical cancer; vaccine=Gardisil b) HHV-8 (seen in AIDS patients), causes Kaposis Sarcoma -> blood/skin cancer |
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Viral Infections by Target Organ (Skin)
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-"Pox"
a) Chickenpox/shingles b) Measles c) Rubella d) Coxsackie (Hand, foot and mouth) HHV I ((herpes)= cold sores HHV II (herpes)= genital blisters |
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Viral Infections by Target Organ (Salivary Glands)
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Parotid glands (parotitis) - mumps
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Viral Infections by Target Organ (Respiratory)
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a) colds
b) influenza (see drawing) c) RSV (bronchitis in infants) d) HHV- 5 caused by CMV (cytomegalovirus); flu-like illness; common in AIDS (pneumonia and can infect retina and optic nerve) |
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Viral Infections by Target Organ (Gastrointestinal)
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-transfered by food and virus
a) Noroviruses (fever, vomiting, dehydration) b) Rotavirus (there is a vaccine, but children who receive it get worse diarrhea) |
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Viral Infections by Target Organ (Liver)
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a) Hepatitis A: from food & water
b) Hepatitis B: blood, needle, transfusions, STDs c) Hepatitis C: blood, needle d) Hepatitis D *vaccines are available for A and B |
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Viral Infections by Target Organ (CNS)
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a) Polio
b) Rabies c) Viruses (via mosquito) infect brain (equine encephalitis - infection of brain proper, not meningitis): EEE (eastern) WEE (western) SLE (St. Louis) VEE (Venezuela): via birds d) West Nile Vally virus (WNF): endemic in Cali and transmission via mosquito |
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Viral Infections by Target Organ (Lymph Nodes/T-helper Lymphocytes)
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a) mononucleosis (HHV-4): among teens; transmitted through saliva, "kissing disease," causes fatigue, body aches, and high fever
b) HIV |
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Viral Transmission
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1) Droplet infection (most common) from cough/sneeze
2) STD (HPV, HHV-2) 3) Food/water 4) Vector (bugs - ticks, flies) mainly mosquitos 5) Blood: needles/transfusions |
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Viral Pathogenesis
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a) Viremia
b) Lysis c) Inflammation d) Examthema |
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Viremia
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blood
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Inflammation
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-body's response to tissue injury
- 5 classic signs: 1) redness (increased metabolism) 2) heat 3) swelling 4) pain 5) loss of function |
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Examthema
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-rash
-skin eruption -blisters |
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AIDS - HIV 1 virus (retrovirus)
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1) HIV structure (see notes)
2) T-helper Lymphocytes infection 3) Macrophage infection 4) Clinical stages of AIDS 5) Opportunistic infections 6) Kaposi's Sarcoma 7) Diagnosis |
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HIV structure
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(draw)
GP-120 protein/antigen Capsid Shell protein Envelope Antigens RNA Enzyme: RNA reverse transcriptase |
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AIDS - HIV 1 virus (retrovirus)
T-helper Lymphocytes infection |
-Reverse transcriptase
-Lysogeny -T-helper Lymphocytes carry the CD-4 receptor -Normal > 600TH/mm3 |
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AIDS - HIV 1 virus (retrovirus)
Macrophage infection |
Early stages - reservoir
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Clinical stages of AIDS (Phase 1)
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-1 to 3 years
-asymptomatic -swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) |
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Clinical stages of AIDS (Phase 2)
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-fever, diarrhea
-persistent infection "Candida" (yeast infection - oral/intestinal) -3 to 8 years |
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Clinical stages of AIDS (Phase 3)
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-"Clinical AIDS"
-T-helper cells less than or equal to 200TH/mm3 |
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AIDS - HIV 1 virus (retrovirus)
Opportunistic infections |
-virus
-fungi -bacteria -protozoa |
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AIDS - HIV 1 virus (retrovirus)
Kaposi's Sarcoma |
Skin and blood vessel cancer
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AIDS - HIV 1 virus (retrovirus)
Diagnosis |
-screening test : ELISA test (prone to false positives)
-definitive test: Western blot |
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AIDS - HIV 1 virus (retrovirus)
Opportunistic infections - fungi |
-"Candida"
-Cryptococcus (meninges) -Pneumocysitis |
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AIDS - HIV 1 virus (retrovirus)
Opportunistic infections - virus |
-shingles
-CMV -HHV-8 (Kaposi's Sarcoma) |
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AIDS - HIV 1 virus (retrovirus)
Opportunistic infections - bacteria |
-TB (most common cause of death)
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AIDS - HIV 1 virus (retrovirus)
Opportunistic infections -protozoa |
-Cryptosporidium
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Bacteriophage
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are viruses which infect susceptible bacteria
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Bacteriophage structure
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-Capsid
-Tail: sheath, core, tail fiber, baseplate -Length = .225 micrometer or 225 nanometer |
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Bacteriophage (types of phages)
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1) Lytic phage (T-even phage)
2) Lysogenic phage (Lambda phage) |
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Bacteriophage (results of lysogeny)
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1) Immune to reinfection by the same type of phage
2) Lysogenic Conversion 3) Transduction |
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Lysogenic conversion
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Prophages carry genes for synthesis of new products.
-Diphtheria Toxin -Botulinal Toxin -Scarlet Fever Toxin |
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Diphtheria Toxin
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carries toxin responsible for diphtheria
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Transduction
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phage mediated gene transfer
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Scarlet Fever Toxin
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severe sore throat, strep throat (certain serotypes)
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Protista
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1) unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotic algae
2) multicellular algae (seaweed and kelp) 3) absorptive protozoa |
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Protozoa
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1) Ecology
2) Morphology 3) Size range 4) Protective coating 5) Complex life cycles |
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Protozoa Ecology
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1) Free-living
2) Commensual 3) Parasitic |
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Protozoa (free-living)
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ponds, lakes, rivers
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Protozoa (commensual)
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-found in bod of another organism
-intestinal tract of termites -Trichomonas vaginalis |
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Protozoa (Parasitic)
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pathogens
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Protozoa Morphology
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-unicellular-
-eukaryotic -nonphotosynthetic -sexual and asexual reproduction |
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Protozoa Size Range
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10-40 micrometer in length
30-50 micrometer in width *larger than bacteria |
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Protozoa Protective Covering
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Have pellicle which is a secreted glyco-protein, but not cell wall
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Protozoa Complex Life Cycle
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-series of form changers: vegetative forms (trophozoite) & cysts
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Protozoa (vegetative form)
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-Trophozoite
-cause tissue damage via division which produces disease |
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Protozoa (cyst)
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-infective form, transfers from one thing to another
-dormant, resistant form (can survive outside without nutrients) -Example: Giardia |
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Medically Significant Protozoa
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1) Entamoeba histolytica
2) Trypanosoma (gambiense, rhodesiense) 3) Trpanosoma cruzi 4) Trichomonas vaginalis 5) Giardia lamblia 6) Plasmodium 7) Cryptosporidium parvum |
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Entameba histolytica
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-Disease: Amebiasis; Amoebic Dysentery
-Transmission: fecal-oral, cysts contaminates food/water that people ingest and trophozoite causes pathology -Symptoms: fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, dehydration -Pathology: causes amoebic ulcers in large intestine; liver abscesses can result from extension via portal vein -Rx: Flagyl (antibiotic) |
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Trypanosoma (gambiense, rhodesiense)
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-Disease: African Sleeping Sickness
-Transmission: bite of Tse-Tse fly -Pathology: slow CNS degeneration, then death -Rx: Suramin (large dose at early stage) |
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Trypanosoma cruzi
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-Disease: Chagas' Disease (predominantly in South America)
-Transmission: bite of Kissing Bug (Triatoma), nocturnal, blood-feeder [Trypanosomes are in bug feces; feces enter through bite wound] -Pathology: Trypanosomes settles into myocardium, long-term chronic infection, forms cysts in myocardium, perform EKG to dx long term Chavas' Disease (RBBB) -Rx: Nifurtimox (only effective in early stages; once in heart...doesn't work) |
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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*usually commensual in females
-Disease: Trichomoniasis -Transmission: considered STD -Pathology: extreme irritating vaginitis -Rx: Flagyl |
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Giardia lamblia
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*looks like Trichomonas, but much smaller
-Disease: Giardiasis -Transmission: waterborne epidemic of High Sierras (contains cyst-form) -Pathology: invade small intestines (Duodenum and upper jejunum); causes dysentery-like symptoms due to irritation of small intestines -Rx: Flagyl |
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Plasmodium vivax
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-Disease: Malaria
-Transmission: bite of Anopheles mosquito -Pathology: multiply in liver, parasites enter and multiply in RBC's; malaria attack -Rx: Quinine (Primiquine and Chloroquine) |
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Cryptosporidium parvum
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-Disease: Cryptosporidosis
-Transmission: oral-fecal via water/food; oocyst is ingested and penetrates intestinal epithelium and reproduces asexually -Symptoms: fever, nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea -Pathology: infections during clinical stage of AIDS (can be severe and fatal) -Dx: modified Acid-Fast stain on stool sample (Oocysts are red and 4-5 micrometers in diameter) |
