Micro Final

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Peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria are composed of glycan chains of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylemuramic acid cross-linked by peptide chains of glycine...T or F

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True

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phenotypic classification of bacteria

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microscopic morphology, macroscopic morphology, biotyping, serotyping, antibiogram patterns, phage typing

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analytical classification of bacteria

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cell wall fatty-acid analysis, whole cell lipid analysis, whole cell protein analysis, multifocus locus enzyme electrophoresis

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genotypic classification of bacteria

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guanine plus cytosine ratio, DNA hybridization, nucleic acid sequence analysis, plasmid analysis, ribotyping, chromosomal DNA fragment analysis

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the infective phase of Cryptosporidium parvum is

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the oocyst

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the peptidoglycan in bacteria is responsible for

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cell wall rigidity

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a promoter at the beginning of a genetic operon is a(n)

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sit on DNA where RNA polymerase binds

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Bacterial spores are formed primarily by oranisms of the genus

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Bacillus and Clostridium

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The definition of a parasite is

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one organism that lives at the expense of another organism called the host

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Giardia intestinalis

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is a member of the phylum Sarcosmastigophora, localizes in the GI tract of the human host, reproduces by binary fission, and has a direct life cycle

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bacterial spores are

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formed under adverse environmental conditions such as the absence of a carbon source, resistant to boiling, metabolically inactive and contain dipicolinic acid a calcium chelator, formed by gram-positive rods, can be killed by being heated to 121 C for 15 min, contain much less water than bacterial cells

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an organism that has lost its ability to synthesize itos own histidine is called a(n)

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auxotroph

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The Electron transport chain, if present in bacteria, it will be found in

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cytoplasmic membrane

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In the US, the protozoan parasite, Leishmania spp. is transmitted by

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Lutzomyia sandflies

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Leishmania spp.

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localizes in phagocytic cells in tissues of the human host

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In E. coli, when the lac operon is fully induced (in the presence of lactose)

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the lac repressor if inactive and transcription of the lac operon does occur

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When glucose, but not lactose, is present in E. coli's environment

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the repressor remains bound to the operator

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Protozoan parasites are taxonomically classified using the following characterisitics

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reproduction, # of nuclei, location in host, life cycle

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the bacterial genome exists as

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a circular piece of DNA

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A famous Egyptian doctor, who also designed the step pyramid, who became later "God of Medicine" by ancient Egyptians

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Imhotep

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Believed in supernatural causes of, and cures for disease

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Asclepius

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Believed that disease had natural causes, e.g. "The Four Humor Theory" and th at it could be cured by rational methods

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Hippocrates

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He wrote De contagione et contagiosis morbis et curatione. In it he described numerous contagious diseases and the means by which contagion can be spread

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Fracastoro

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Isolated and stained the causative agent of anthrax

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Robert Koch

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Poisonous vapor or mist made up of particles from decomposing material, which people though caused disease

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miasma

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the first to visualize and study microbes using a simple lens microscope

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van Leeuwenhock

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the function of the sex (F) pilus of E. coli involves

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transfer of DNA between bacteria during conjugation

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operating int he mid 1800's, developed surgery which included heat-sterilization of instruments and application of phenols to wounds and dressings

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Joseph Lister

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the main function of the bacterial endospores is

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survival against environmental dangers

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the flagella, if present in bacteria, will be anchored in

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the cytoplasmic membrane

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by definition, and indirect parasitic life cycle includes

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a parasite that must infect 2 different species of host to complete its life cycle

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the process by which bacteriophage P1 packages random phage-genome-sized pieces into phage heads and thereby allows transfer of pieces of bacterial chromosomal DNA between bacteria is called

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generalized transduction

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refutation of theory of spontaneous generation

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Louis pasteur

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Cryptosporidium parvum

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intracellular location in hose, member of the phylum apicomplexa, localizes in small intestine of host, reproduces sexually and asexually, has a direct life cycle

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The definition of zoonotic is

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a parasite that can be transmitted naturally between humans and animals

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one of the main functions of the bacterial cell wall proteins is

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recognition of specific receptors on target cells

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Transformation is important in bacterial pathogenicity because

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it allows uptake of DNA that can homologously recombine into the bacterial chromosome and change virulence characteristics

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He noted that deaths due to a streptococcal infection(childbirth fever) were much higher in the physiscians ward as compared to deaths in the midwives ward. He subsequently institued strict hand-washing procedures for physicians and coud be considered the father of infection control

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Ignatz Semmelweis

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The process by which a bacterial cell pick up exogenous pieces of DNA directly from the media and incorporates it into it genome is called

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transformation

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the disease caused by Plasmodium falciparum is

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malaria

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gram-positive bacteria

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firmcutes

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gram-negative bacteria

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gracilcutes

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cell-wall free bacteria

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tenericutes

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The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of an anaerobic respiration

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is not oxygen

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What cells produce antibodies?

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B cells

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Each of the following statements concerning the killing of bacteria is true

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lysozyme in tears can hydrolyze bacterial cell walls, detergents can disrupt bacterial cell memebranes, and silver nitrate can inactivate bacterial enzymes

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The following are found in the gram-positive bacteria cell wall

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teichoic acid, lipteichoic acid, peptidoglycan

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Apoptosis

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is equivalent to cell suicide

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what is the major defense mechanism employed against virus infections

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cell-mediated immunity

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Pasteurizations

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is used with edible material, designed to kill most of human pathogenic microbes, originally designed to kill unwanted bacteria in wine

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lymph nodes

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filter lymph, produce antibodies, trap foreign particles, trap invading bacteria

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Host provides environment. microorganism feeds on digested food. usually harmless unless tissue is damaged environmental changes(antibiotics), host immune system changes

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commensalism

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What type of leucocytes first appear at site of microbial invasion?

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neutrophils

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in which organ are 'B' lymphocytes mainly mature

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bone marrow

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Innate immunity

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rapidly elminates microbes that succeed in entering host tissues, this type of host defense is always present in healthy individuals, it is prepared to block the entry of microbes

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Immunoglobulin is the scientific name for

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antibodies

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bacteria need iron for growth. however iron is not found in free form in the blood so how do bacteria obtain iron?

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secrete chelating proteins known as siderophores

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A germicide that kills most vegetative bacteria and lipid-enveloped or medium-size viruses

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low-level disinfectant

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Use of physical procedures or chemical agents to destroy most microbial forms; bacterial spores and other relatively resistant organisms may remain viable

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disinfection

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the term humoral immuniy describes

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antibody-mediated immunity

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these bacteria use chemical sources of energy and organic compounds as source of carbon

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chemoheterotrophs

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bacterial structures that show antigenic diversity

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pili, capsules, flagella

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In which organ are lymphocytes mainly produced

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bone marrow

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Antigen-presenting cells (APC)

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macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells

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for the the T lymphocytes to be activated the antigen receptor and other accessory receptors need to be stimulated T or F

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true

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under what condition does the tricarboxylic acid cycle take place

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aerobic

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when the interaction between microbe and human leads to a pathologic process characterized by damage to the human host

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disease

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a germicide that kills all microbial pathogen except large numbers of bacterial spores

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high-level disinfectant

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range of activity of an antimicrobial against bacteria

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antibacterial spectrum

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the cardinal signs of inflammation

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heat, swelling, pain, redness

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Macrophages perform phagocytosis and intracellular killing of microbes using the following mechanisms

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lysosomal enzymes in phagolysosomes, reactive oxygen intermediates & nitric oxide in phagolysosomes, myeloperoxidase dependent and myeloperoxidase independent rxns in phagolysosomes

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Natural killer cells attack and kill invading bacteria using

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Granzyme B and stimulation of the FAS receptors

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level of antimicrobial activity that inhibits the growth of an organism

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bacteriostatic activity

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in a typical bacterial growth curve identify the growth phase in which cells experience autolysis

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death phase

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serum antibodies are not produced by

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Helper T cells

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Which immunoglobulin plays a key role in allergies

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IgE

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Vaccines that consist of inactivated organisms are

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incapable of reverting to virulence

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the primary immune response is characterized by

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waning rapidly, induction by one dose of antigen, low levels of antibody produced, a long lag period

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germicide capable of killing bacterial spores

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sporicide

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in which organ are T lymphocytes mainly mature

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thymus