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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Transnational organization
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An organization in which the global viewpoint supersedes national issues.
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Guanxi
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The Chinese practice of building networks for social exchange.
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Expatriate manager
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A manager who works in a country other than his or her home country.
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Individualism
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A cultural orientation in which people belong to loose social frameworks, and their primary concern is for themselves and their families.
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Collectivism
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A cultural orientation in which individuals belong to tightly knit social frameworks and depend strongly on extended families or clans.
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Power distance
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The degree to which a culture accepts unequal distribution of power.
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Uncertainty avoidance
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The degree to which a culture tolerates ambiguity and uncertainty.
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Masculinity
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A cultural orientation in which assertiveness and materialism are valued.
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Femininity
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A cultural orientation in which relationships and concern for others are valued.
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Time orientation
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Whether a culture's values are oriented toward the future (long-term orientation) or toward the past and present (short-term orientation).
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Diversity
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All forms of difference among individuals, including culture, gender, age, ability, religion, personality, social status, and sexual orientation.
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Glass ceiling
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A transparent barrier that keeps women from rising above a certain level in organizations.
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Consequential theory
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An ethical theory that emphasizes the consequences or results of behavior.
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Rule-based theory
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An ethical theory that emphasizes the character of the act itself rather than its effects.
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Character theory
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An ethical theory that emphasizes the character, personal virtues, and intent of the individual.
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Distributive justice
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The fairness of outcomes that individuals receive in an organization.
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Procedural justice
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The fairness of the process by which outcomes are allocated in an organization.
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Whistle-blower
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An employee who informs authorities of the wrongdoings of his or her company or coworkers.
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Social responsibility
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The obligation of an organization to behave ethically in its social environment.
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Technology
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The intellectual and mechanical processes used by an organization to transform inputs into products or services that meet its goals.
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Expert system
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A computer-based application that uses a representation of human expertise in a specialized field of knowledge to solve problems.
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Robotics
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The use of robots in organizations.
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Telecommuting
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Electronically transmitting work from a home computer to the office.
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Reinvention
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The creative application of new technology.
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Global business
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The buying and selling of goods and services by people from different countries.
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Multinational corporation
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A corporation that owns businesses in two or more countries.
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Direct foreign investment
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A method of investment in which a company builds a new business or buys an existing business in a foreign country.
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Trade barriers
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Government-imposed regulations that increase the cost and restrict the number of imported goods.
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Protectionism
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A government's use of trade barriers to shield domestic companies and their workers from foreign competition.
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Tariff
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A direct tax on imported goods.
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Nontariff barriers
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Nontax methods of increasing the cost or reducing the volume of imported goods.
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Quota
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A limit on the number or volume of imported products.
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Voluntary export restraints
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Voluntarily imposed limits on the number or volume of products exported to a particular country.
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Government import standard
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A standard ostensibly established to protect the health and safety of citizens but, in reality, often used to restrict or ban imports.
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Subsidies
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Government loans, grants, and tax deferments given to domestic companies to protect them from foreign competition.
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Customs classification
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A classification assigned to imported products by government officials that affects the size of the tariff and imposition of import quotas.
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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
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A worldwide trade agreement that reduced and eliminated tariffs, limited government subsidies, and established protections for intellectual property.
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World Trade Organization (WTO)
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As the successor to GATT, the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations.
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Regional trading zones
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Areas in which tariff and nontariff barriers on trade between countries are reduced or eliminated.
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Maastricht Treaty of Europe
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A regional trade agreement between most European countries.
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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
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A regional trade agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
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Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)
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A regional trade agreement between Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the United States.
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Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)
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A regional trade agreement between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Guyana, Suriname, and Chile.
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Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
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A regional trade agreement between Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.
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Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
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Regional trade agreement between Australia, Canada, Chile, the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Russia, South Korea, Taiwan, the United States, and all members of ASEAN, except Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar.
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Global consistency
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When a multinational company has offices, manufacturing plants, and distribution facilities in different countries and runs them all using the same rules, guidelines, policies, and procedures.
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Local adaptation
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When a multinational company modifies its rules, guidelines, policies, and procedures to adapt to differences in foreign customers, governments, and regulatory agencies.
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Exporting
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Selling domestically produced products to customers in foreign countries.
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Cooperative contract
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An agreement in which a foreign business owner pays a company a fee for the right to conduct that business in his or her country.
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Licensing
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An agreement in which a domestic company, the licensor, receives royalty payments for allowing another company, the licensee, to produce the licensor's product, sell its service, or use its brand name in a specified foreign market.
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Franchise
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A collection of networked firms in which the manufacturer or marketer of a product or service, the franchisor, licenses the entire business to another person or organization, the franchisee.
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Strategic alliance
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An agreement in which companies combine key resources, costs, risk, technology, and people.
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Joint venture
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A strategic alliance in which two existing companies collaborate to form a third, independent company.
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Wholly owned affiliates
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Foreign offices, facilities, and manufacturing plants that are 100 percent owned by the parent company.
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Global new ventures
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New companies that are founded with an active global strategy and have sales, employees, and financing in different countries.
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Purchasing power
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A comparison of the relative cost of a standard set of goods and services in different countries.
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Political uncertainty
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The risk of major changes in political regimes that can result from war, revolution, death of political leaders, social unrest, or other influential events.
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Policy uncertainty
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The risk associated with changes in laws and government policies that directly affect the way foreign companies conduct business.
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National culture
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The set of shared values and beliefs that affects the perceptions, decisions, and behavior of the people from a particular country.
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Expatriate
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Someone who lives and works outside his or her native country.
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Diversity
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A variety of demographic, cultural, and personal differences among an organization's employees and customers.
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Affirmative action
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Purposeful steps taken by an organization to create employment opportunities for minorities and women.
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Surface-level diversity
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Differences such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, and physical disabilities that are observable, typically unchangeable, and easy to measure.
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Deep-level diversity
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Differences such as perosnality and attitudes that are communicated through verbal and nonverbal behaviors and are learned only through extended interaction with others.
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Social integration
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The degree to which group members are psychologically attracted to working with each other to accomplish a common objective.
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Age discrimination
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Treating people differently (e.g., in hiring and firing, promotion, and compensation decisions) because of their age.
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Sex discrimination
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Treating people differently because of their sex.
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Glass ceiling
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The invisible barrier that prevents women and minorities from advancing to the top jobs in organizations.
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Racial and ethnic discrimination
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Treating people differently because of their race or ethnicity.
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Disability
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A mental or physical impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities.
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Disability discrimination
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Treating people differently because of their disabilities.
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Disposition
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The tendency to respond to situations and events in a predetermined manner.
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Personality
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The relatively stable set of behaviors, attitudes, and emotions displayed over time that makes people different from each other.
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Extraversion
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The degree to which someone is active, assertive, gregarious, sociable, talkative, and energized by others.
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Emotional stability
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The degree to which someone is not angry, depressed, anxious, emotional, insecure, and excitable.
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Agreeableness
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The degree to which someone is cooperative, polite, flexible, forgiving, good-natured, tolerant, and trusting.
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Conscientiousness
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The degree to which someone is organized, hardworking, responsible, persevering, thorough, and achievement oriented.
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Openness to experience
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The degree to which someone is curious, broadminded, and open to new ideas, things, and experiences; is spontaneous; and has a high tolerance for ambiguity.
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Organizational plurality
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A work environment where (1) all members are empowered to contribute in a way that maximizes the benefits to the organization, customers, and themselves, and (2) the individuality of each member is respected by not segmenting or polarizing people on the basis of their membership in a particular group.
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Awareness training
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Training that is designed to raise employees' awareness of diversity issues and to challenge the underlying assumptions or stereotypes they may have about others.
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Skills-based diversity training
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Training that teaches employees the practical skills they need for managing a diverse work force, such as flexibility and adaptability, negotiation, problem solving, and conflict resolution.
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Diversity audits
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Formal assessments that measure employee and management attitudes, investigate the extent to which people are advantaged or disadvantaged with respect to hiring and promotions, and review companies' diversity-related policies and procedures.
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Diversity pairing
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A mentoring program in which people of different cultural backgrounds, sexes, or races/ethnicities are paired together to get to know each other and change stereotypical beliefs and attitudes.
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