Mental Health

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Social perspectives

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considering behaviour in terms of social norms

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Cultural perspectives

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considering behaviour in terms of cultural norms

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Community perspectives

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considering behaviour in terms of community norms

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Normal distribution curve

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also known as a bell curve, where most of the data is clustered around the mean

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Statistical definition

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description of a variable where data is used to define what lies inside and outside the n=bounds of 'normal'

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Mental health

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to have both normal cognitive functioning and emotional well-being, and also the absence of mental disorder or illness

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Mental illness

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set of conditions or disorders which result in or cause abnormal behaviour and adversely impact on the individual and those around them

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Dimensional

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where the symptom is not only evaluated on its presence or absence but also on its severity or degree

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Categorical

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diagnosis and classification approach that simply looks at whether a necessary symptom or sign is present or absent, these clinical features then taken together determine diagnosis

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Transitional

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distinction between normal and abnormal that is not absolute or categorical but rather a zone where there can be a varying degree of the symptom or characteristic

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Grading

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where a clinician will rate the severity of the symptom or disorder by allocating a score or grade

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Biopsychosocial

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a way of understanding how biological, psychological and social factors interact to contribute to an individuals state of health

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Stress

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A psychological and physical response of the body that occurs whenever we must adapt to changing conditions, whether those conditions be real or perceived, positive or negative.

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Stressor

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a change of the immediate environment in whih directly effects an organism

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Stress response

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the set of responses the organism undertakes as a consequence of experiencing a stressor

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Endocrinologist

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medical speicalist in hormones

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Non-specific stress response

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another component of the stress response which is similar in all people regurardless of the stressor

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Noradrenaline

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neurotransmitter that mediates physiological symptoms of anxiety and fear

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Adrenaline

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a hormone released by the adrehal gland, which stimulates responsers to stressors

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Fight-or-flight response

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what an individual would do if confronted by a threat, e.g. a wild animal

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Homeostasis

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the relative constancy of the international environment despite external enviromental changes

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Acute stress disorder

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develops when someone has been exposed to a particuarly traumatic stressor. It lasts for a maximum of four weeks

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Post-traumatic stress disorder

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develops when someone has witnessed or suffered something especially truamatic or horiffic and lasts months or years

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Eustressors

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positive stresses

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Eustress

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the associated stress response to positive stressor

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Distressors

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negative stressors

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Distress

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the associated stress response to a negative stressor

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Transactional model for stress and coping

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A model where the stress response is only elicited if the individual believes that the stressor will seriously tax or exceed their available resources

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Primary apprasial

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When an individual decides if a situation is possibly stressful, a challenge or irrelevant in the transactional model of stress and coping

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Secondary aprasial

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When an individual takes into account the recources available to them- personal, enviromnemtal, social and cultural- and their own coping strategies to decide what way is besy to cope with or adress the stressor

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Prblem-focused

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seeks to adress the practical effects of the stressor and is aimed at reducing the effect of the stressor of adapting to this impact

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Emotion-focused coping

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seeks to primarily adress the emotion elicited by this stressor

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Social capital

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the amount of social exchange, solidarity, sense of communtiy, trust and equality thar exists within a soical group

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Social deprivation

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when someon is at a lower level of socio-economic level than others and believe they are being deprived in some way

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Allostasis

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the process maintining stability though change in the face of stressors

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Allostasis response

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where we adapt or deal with the various challenges (or stressors) to our daily life to fulfill our general biological functions

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Allostasis load

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the consequenses of an allostasis response to our body

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Allostasis overload

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where the stressor exceeds the capasity of the organism to adapt and therefore the organism must change its usual biological functions to survive

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Heterostatis

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the overwhelming of the organism

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Biofeedback

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a mechanism by whith a physiological processes are brought to the attention ofthe individual through the use of the sensors and the other electrical instruments

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EMG biofeedback

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measures the amount of muscle tension present in a particular muscle group througha skin electrode

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Temprature biofeedback

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based on the principle that activation of the SA system results in blood vessels to the skin constricting the preferentially send blood to the essential organs and away from non-essential organs like skin

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Meditation

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a collectionof different stratiges that aim to direct aperson's focus away from current everyday concerns

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Concentrative method

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where the erson focuses on a single thought or function, such as breathing, and disimisses all other thoughts, ideas, emotions or distractions

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Non-concentrative method

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where the person focuses upon their current thought or emotion not directly, but observes it if they were in someone else's shoes

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Relaxation

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most commonly recognised way of dealing with chronic stress

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Progressive relaxation

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where the persons sits comfortably in a space free from distraction and tightens and relaxes each muscle group

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Hypnosis

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where the therapist induces a state of relaxation through suggestion

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Anaerobic exerscise

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brief intense bursts of physical activity, such as weightlifting, that do not utilise oxygen

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Aerobic exersises

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physical exertion thst leads to a sustained increase on heart rate and output, increased breathing rate and volume, to increase blood flow and oxygenation to the muscles involved in the activity

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Endorphins

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a group of chemicals released from neurons that induce feelings of well-being and reduce pain