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284 Cards in this Set

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Name given to the time period from 1890 to 1920.
Progressive Era
Many of the ideas of the Progressive movement grew out of the _______.

Populist movement
As opposed to the Populist movement the progressive movement focused mainly on the problems of ______.
urban residents
Nativism, prohibition, purity crusades, electoral reform, charity reform, social gospel philosophy, and settlement houses.
roots of the progressivism
Progressive reformers were reacting to the era's rapid __________. (3 things)
industrialization, immigration, and urbanization
Progressives maintained that private charity could not do enough to improve the lives of the _________.
industrial poor
Progressivism was not a single _______.
unified movement
Progressives believed government should be more accountable to its _______.
citizens
Progressives believed government should curb the power and influence of the _______.
wealthy
Progressives believed that to improve the lives of it citizens government should be given ___.
expanded powers
Progressives believed that in order to handle its expanded role government needed to be _______. (2 things)
more efficient and less corrupt
Most Progressives agreed that the government should protect ________.
workers
Most Progressives agreed that the government should help the ________.
poor
According to Henry George, Americans could eliminate poverty by discouraging _______.
land speculation
Henry George was opposed to the fact that land owners only had to pay a tax if they made _____.
improvements on the land
Henry George wanted to make land speculation less profitable by imposing a ___________.
single tax on the value of land
In the late 1800s, journalists Henry George and Edward Bellamy both wrote about ideas for _____.
reforming society
Author of "Looking Backward" in 1888.
Edward Bellamy
Novel in which a man undergoes hypnosis in 1887 and wakes up in the year 2000, to discover a Utopian society, where the government runs companies with the goal of meeting human needs rather than making profits.
"Looking Backward"
Journalists who worked at exposing political and business corruption.
muckrakers
Although Roosevelt and other Progressives denounced the muckrakers at first, their writings did motivate government to make many _____.
reforms
Requested by business leaders in the 1890s, they were issued by courts and they prohibited workers from striking.
injunctions
Court injunctions slowed down the growth of the ______.
labor movement
Progressives supported the laborer's right to ______.
strike
The number of socialists grew during the Progressive era and in 1901 they formed the _____.
Socialist Party of America
Most Progressives were not socialist and wanted more ________.
moderate reforms
The efforts of Florence Kelley convinced many states to abolish _______.
child labor
Jane Addams and Florence Kelley both worked to reform local ________.
labor conditions
She is best known for organizing unions in mines in West Virginia and Colorado.
Mother Jones
Some Americans resisted Progressive reforms because they did not approve of governmental control over _________.
their lives
Because Progressives sought increased government involvement in people's lives they often met resistance, even from among the very people they ________.
intended to help
The poor often opposed child labor laws because they needed the __________.
child's income
Most Progressives opposed government control of businesses, except for companies that supplied __________.
essential services
Were sought by progressives so that government could ensure a basic standard of living for all.
social welfare programs
Unemployment benefits, accident and health insurance, and a social security system for the disabled and elderly.
social welfare programs
Progressives wanted efficient programs managed by professionals not ______.
politicians
Many of the earliest Progressive reforms were made at the city, or ________.
municipal, level
Most municipal reformers worked for _____.
home rule
A limited degree of self-government for cities.
home rule
Some reformers also held negative views of immigrants who felt were responsible for many ______.
city problems
Municipal reformers aimed to end government _______.
corruption
Municipal reformers wanted a civil service system based on merit not _______.
spoils
Restricting the power of political machines was usually left to _________.
municipal reformers
New and more efficient forms of municipal government, such as the commission form and the council-manager from, were often developed in response to ______.
natural disasters
Reformers wanted to provide citizens with more affordable services by transferring control of urban utilities to the ___.
city
In the early 1900s municipal reformers favored city control of _________.
utilities
Reformers hoped to end corruption in government by giving voters a more direct say in _________.
lawmaking
Prior to the progressive movement candidates for public office were traditionally picked by ___.
party leaders
Wisconsin reform governor who instituted the use of the direct primary.
Robert La Follette
Election in which voters cast ballots to select nominees for upcoming elections.
direct primary
This process enables voters to propose new laws.
initiative
Citizens approve or reject a law passed by the legislature.
referendum
This procedure enables voters to remove public officials from office before the next election.
recall
The initiative and the referendum are examples of ________.
direct democracy
Direct democracy only exists at the local and state levels there is no direct democracy at the ________.
federal level
Attempts to regulate industry involved the legal dispute over the business owner's right to make contracts with employees and their right of private property versus the federal governments police power to protect the ____.
welfare of citizens
As a result of Progressive reforms in many states child labor was _____.
abolished
When the United Mine Workers called a strike in 1902, President Roosevelt called for _____.
arbitration
When T. Roosevelt used this phrase in the coal miners strike it became a slogan for his presidency.
"square deal"
A firm that creates a monopoly by buying up stocks and bonds of smaller companies.
holding company
Roosevelt was the first President to actively enforce it.
Sherman Antitrust Act
Authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroad rates.
Hepburn Act
With the Hepburn Act it became the first true regulatory agency.
Interstate Commerce Commission
Upton Sinclair's novel "the Jungle" exposed dangerous workplace conditions in the ______.
meatpacking industry
As a result of muckraker writings like "the Jungle" President Roosevelt and congress responded with the _________. (2 laws)
Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act
Banned interstate shipping of impure food and deliberate mislabeling of food and drugs.
Pure Food and Drug Act
Required federal inspection of meat processing to ensure sanitary conditions.
Meat Inspection Act
The newly created Labor Department supported legislation that would benefit both _______.
women & children
Named by T. Roosevelt to head a new U.S. forest service.
Gifford Pinchot
At HIS recommendation Roosevelt set aside 200 million acres for national forests, mineral reserves, and water projects.
Gifford Pinchot
People concerned with the care and protection of the environment.
conservationists
Included the conservation of forest land, the break-up of several trusts, and the regulation of food and drugs.
President Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive record
During the Progressive Era, constitutional restraints on federal power gradually _____.
diminished
Ratified in 1913 authorized Congress to collect a federal income tax.
Sixteenth Amendment
The 16th Amendment enabled the government to get more revenues from people with ____.
higher incomes
Required the direct election of Senators, was ratified in 1913.
Seventeenth Amendment
In 1919 it banned the production, sale, or import of alcoholic beverages.
Eighteenth Amendment
Not all Progressives favored Prohibition, but many thought it would protect society from the poverty and violence associated with _____.
drinking
President Theodore Roosevelt's chosen successor.
President Taft
President Taft continued Roosevelt's progressive program by pursuing _____.
antitrust cases
Progressives in Congress, unlike Taft, favored low ________.
tariffs
Progressives first became furious with Taft over the protective _______.
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
President Taft's Secretary of the Interior, who angered conservationists by siding with business interests that sought unrestricted development of federal lands in the West.
Richard Ballinger
When Gifford Pinchot accused Richard Ballinger of corruption, before Congress, Taft _______.
fired Pinchot
The Progressive faction of the Republican Party protested HIS handling of the Ballinger-Pinchot affair.
President Taft
When the House passed a resolution allowing full membership, instead of the Speaker, to appoint the Rules Committee the Republican party was ______.
split
Theodore Roosevelt's name for his Progressive reform program. At the time of the midterm elections of 1910.
New Nationalism
Roosevelt's call for business regulation, welfare laws, workplace protection for women & children, income & inheritance taxes, and voting reform.
New Nationalism
He challenged his old friend President Taft for the Republican nomination in 1912.
Theodore Roosevelt
When Roosevelt lost the 1912 Republican nomination because Taft controlled the convention, Roosevelt's supporters broke from the Republican Party and formed the ____.
Progressive Party
Nickname for the Progressive Party.
Bull Moose Party
Women's suffrage was supported by the platform of the _______.
Bull Moose Party (Progressive)
Democratic candidate in 1912.
Woodrow Wilson
The name for Woodrow Wilson's policy which promised to enforce antitrust laws without threatening free economic competition.
New Freedom
A major factor contributing to the election of Woodrow Wilson in 1912 was that Roosevelt _______.
split the Republican vote
Wilson's reform platform during the 1912 campaign differed from Roosevelt's in that he promised to preserve ___________.
free economic competition
Passed with Wilson's guidance in 1914 to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act.
Clayton Antitrust Act
Spelled out specific activities that big business could not do.
Clayton Antitrust Act
Prevented antitrust suits from being brought against unions and prohibited court injunctions against strikes.
Clayton Antitrust Act
The Federal Reserve System was established by Woodrow Wilson to reorganize the _______.
federal banking system
To prevent bank failures, President Wilson helped create the ______.
Federal Reserve System
Progressivism was halted by ______.
World War I
In 1872, she was arrested and later convicted for insisting on voting.
Susan B. Anthony
Nonviolent refusal to obey a law.
civil disobedience
One basic anti-suffrage argument was that it would cause women to become too ____.
masculine
Women suffragist fought for the right to vote two ways some fought for a constitutional amendment other fought for the right to vote in individual _______.
states
Suffragists achieved some of their earliest successes in persuading specific ______.
states to give women the vote
In 1890, veteran leaders of the suffrage movement, including Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, were joined by younger leaders in forming the ________.
NAWSA
NAWSA
National American Woman Suffrage Association
When NAWSA was formed in 1890, women could already __________.
buy and sell property
After the deaths of Stanton and Anthony, the woman who eventually led NAWSA to victory was _____.
Carrie Chapman Catt
Her aggressive strategy caused a split in the woman's suffrage movement.
Alice Paul
Alice Paul's Congressional Union split from NAWSA after it called for bypassing suffrage groups in the ______.
states
World War I affected the women's suffrage cause by setting aside arguments about ______.
separate spheres for men and women
Women's activities in World War I resulted more Americans supporting their right to ____.
suffrage/vote
The battle for women's suffrage ended with the ratification of the _______.
Nineteenth Amendment
Nationalism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Militarism
Causes of World War I
A desire to expand and be more powerful than other nations.
Nationalism
A desire by a national group to have its own state or country.
Nationalism
Establishing authority over areas of the world outside a country's natural boundaries.
Imperialism
Establishing colonies throughout the world.
Imperialism
Resulted in conflicts over colonial possessions.
Imperialism
One of the main causes of the war, imperialism, involved acquiring __________.
uncolonized areas around the world
The glorification of armed strength.
Militarism
Militarism resulted in an _______.
arms race
the policy of aggressively building up a nation's armed forces.
militarism
Militarism and imperialism were components of ____________.
Nationalism
European nations sought a new balance of power through __________.
alliances
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. (Name of Alliance)
Triple Alliance
Kaiser William II let Germany's friendship treaty lapse with ___________.
Russia
Great Britain, France and Russia (name of alliance)
Triple Entente
Pulled all of Europe into the war.
Alliance system/ Alliances
Caused nations to stand up to other nations when they might not have otherwise done so.
Alliances/Alliance System
German ruler during WWI
Kaiser William II (Kaiser Wilhelm II)
Wanted Alsace and Lorraine back from Germany.
France
Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey feared they would lose territory in the ____
Balkans
Held that all Slavic people shared a common nationality.
Pan-Slavism
Unrest in this region made it a "powder keg" prior to World War I.
Balkans
Austria-Hungary and Russia struggled over the _____________. (area)
Balkans
Province of Austria-Hungary with a large Serbian population
Bosnia
Nationalists from this country believed Bosnia should belong to their country.
Serbia
Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist.
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
What event sparked World War I?
Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Germany promised Austria-Hungary total support.
"Blank Check"
Russians and Serbians were both _________.
Slavic
Austria-Hungary issued Serbia an __________.
Ultimatum
Austria-Hungary's ultimatum would have limited ____________.
Serbia's independence
In the first move of the war Austria Hungary declared war on ___________.
Serbia
Nation that supported Serbia
Russia
To get an army in position for war. (term)
Mobilize
Russia decided to mobilize early because it lacked ____________.
railroads
In German eyes Russia's mobilization amounted to a ____________.
declaration of war
Declared war on Russia.
Germany
When France promised to support Russia __________.
Germany declared war on France
Germany hoped to avoid fighting a _________.
two front war
German plan to defeat France before Russia could mobilize.
Schlieffen Plan
The Schlieffen Plan was intended to keep Germany from fighting a __________.
two front war
Germany requested passage to France through ______________.
neutral Belgium
Germany invaded France through ___________.
neutral Belgium
It declared war on Germany because Germany had violated Belgium neutrality.
Great Britain
World War I began in ______. (year)
1914
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Turks and their allies. (what they were called)
Central Powers
France, Britain, Russia and their allies. (what they were called)
Allies
Allied victory that saved Paris. (early in the war)
Battle of the Marne
Allied victory that destroyed the Schlieffen Plan
Battle of the Marne
Made the defense stronger than the offense. (in warfare)
Trench Warfare
Made the fighting even more brutal. (in warfare)
Trench Warfare
As a result of trench warfare the war became a ____________.
stalemate
In a struggle where neither side can improve its position
stalemate
Played a major part in the deadlock and slaughter of trench warfare. (weapon)
Machine Gun
Generals who did not understand the killing power of modern weapons kept giving the order to _______.
attack
Choked and blinded victims. (weapon)
Poison Gas
The space between two sets of trenches.
No-man's-land
Most World War I soldiers were __________.
draftees
When countries mobilize all their resources into the war effort.
Total War
Used by governments to conserve supplies
Rationing
Using information to encourage a particular point of view.
Propaganda
Propaganda was used by both sides in an attempt to win the support of the ______.
U.S.
Were more effective in the use of propaganda.
Allies
Country that actively encouraged anti-German feeling in the United States.
Great Britain
Most Americans opposed the Central Powers because of Germany's frightening _______.
militarism
To protect American investments and the ability to trade Wilson declared the U.S. a _____.
neutral country
Called for strengthening U.S. armed forces in case the U.S. needed to aid Great Britain
Preparedness movement
Worked to keep the U.S. neutral in both thought and deed, and to prevent even the preparation for war.
Peace Movement
Both sides attempted to prevent the enemy from getting supplies. (method)
blockades
The Allies had a more effective blockade because of the ____________.
British Navy
To make their blockade more effective the Germans began to use ____________.
Submarine Warfare
At the beginning of the war German U-boats would surface and give warning before attacking ________.
merchant ships
After Britain armed merchant ships to fire on U-boats, the German U-boats refused to surface and give ______.
warning
Broke international law by not giving warning or taking passengers.
Submarine Warfare
The German U-boat changed the rules of war because it remained hidden and ______.
fired without warning
When the British cut the transatlantic cable connecting Germany and the U.S. all news coming to the U.S. from the European front had a ____.
pro-Allied bias
British Luxury liner sunk by German Sub. (120 Americans die)
Lusitania
American thought German submarine warfare was _____.
uncivilized
German submarines aimed to attack ships that were carrying _____.
Weapons to the Allies
After the German's sank the French Sussex, the U.S. threatened to cut _______.
diplomatic ties with Germany
German government promised that German U-boats would warn ships before attacking.
Sussex pledge
Wilson won re-election in 1916 on the motto ________.
"He kept us out of war"
To starve the allies in hopes of defeating them before America entered the war Germany resumed ______________.
unrestricted submarine warfare
The U.S. broke of diplomatic relations with Germany when Germany _______.
violated the Sussex Pledge
In the ____, Germany proposed an alliance with Mexico.
Zimmerman note
Was the first of the major countries to become exhausted from total war.
Russia
Resulted in the setting up of a liberal government. (during World War I)
First Russian Revolution (of 1917)
The fall of the Autocratic czar in the first Russian revolution removed one last stumbling block to the U.S. __________.
joining the Allies
When Germany sank three U.S. ships Wilson urged Congress to ___________.
declare war on Germany
A major factor in the decision of the U.S. to enter World War I was Germany's use of ______.
unrestricted submarine warfare
Year the U.S. entered WWI.
1917
When he was sent to Europe with a small token force he realized he needed more troops and called for a much larger army.
General John J. Pershing
Was used to draft young men into U.S. military forces.
Selective Service Act
The feeling in the U.S. that WWI was the "war to end all wars" led to widespread acceptance of the ______.
draft
Included American draftees, volunteers, and National Guardsmen.
American Expeditionary Force
A group of unarmed ships surrounded by armed ships.
convoy
The purpose of the convoy system was to transport _________.
troops and supplies safely across the Atlantic
The convoy system, instituted in May 1917, cut __________.
merchant marine losses in half
Because Pershing believed the allied troops had become too defensive he kept AEF independent of the ______.
Allied armies
In World War I African American troops were ________________ and rarely allowed to fight
segregated
In World War I African American troops were segregated and __________________.
rarely allowed to fight
African Americans fighting in World War I were used mostly for ________.
manual labor
Loaned to the French and integrated into the French army the entire regiment received France's highest combat medal.
Harlem Hell Fighters
Secret weapon shipped into Russia by the Germans.
Vladimir Lenin
Results in the setting up of a Communist Gov.
Second Russian Revolution (of 1917)
After Vladimir Lenin seized control of Russia in 1917 he withdrew _________.
Russia from the war
Communist Russia makes a separate peace with Germany.
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Allows Germany to fight a one front war.
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
The area of contact between opposing sides in warfare.
front
Russia's exit from the war increased the pressure on the __________.
Allies
Being able to fight a one front war the Germans made a massive push and came to within ____________.
50 miles of Paris
At Chateau-Thierry, American marines helped save _________.
Paris
28,000 American troops joined the French and forced the Germans back across the river ending any hopes of German victory.
Second Battle of the Marne
Using this new weapon, which could cross trenches and roll through barbed wire, the Allies began to break the German lines.
tank
As Germany weakened, the Allies sought the ___________.
unconditional surrender of Germany.
In this final allied assault, over a million AEF troops began the drive to expel the Germans from France.
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
Machine gun, tanks, submarines, airplanes, gas and zeppelins.
new weapons of WWI
New weapons and trench warfare turned WWI into a _____________.
war of attrition
When the winner in war is determined by who can continue to fight the longest.
war of attrition
Helps break the stalemate and bring an allied victory.
U.S. entrance
Ends the fighting after the Kaiser abdicated his throne.
Armistice
Date of the Armistice
1918
Was signed by civilian representatives of the new German Republic that replaced the Kaiser.
Armistice
In the last few months of the War it killed more people world wide than all of the wartime battles.
Influenza Epidemic
Was brought to Europe from America by American soldiers.
Influenza Epidemic
Killed over half a million Americans and perhaps 30 million people world wide before it came to an end.
Influenza Epidemic
Number of American soldiers that died in battle.
50,000
Estimated total death toll of soldiers and sailors in the war.
8 million
Were victims of a Genocide attempt by the Ottoman Turks who suspected them of disloyalty to the government.
Armenians
Organized killing of an entire people.
genocide
Were sold to help the U.S. finance the war.
Liberty Bonds
Enabled the U.S. to loan more than $10 billion to the Allies.
Liberty Bonds
During World War I the federal government regulated the production of ___________.
war goods
The U.S. government increased control of the economy during World War I by overseeing ______.
war-related production
Had far-reaching powers including the ability to fix prices.
War Industries Board
Minorities and women found employment opportunities mainly in _________.
war-related industries
Gave the President the power to regulate the production and consumption of foods and fuels vital to the war effort.
Lever Food and Fuel Control Act
As head of the Food Administration, he worked to increase farm output and reduce waste.
Herbert Hoover
Fears of spies and sabotage in the U.S. during the war led to repression of _________.
free speech
Fears of spies and sabotage in the U.S. during the war led to restrictions on _________.
immigration
The passage of a literacy test for immigrants marked the revival of ________.
nativism
Fears of spies and sabotage in the U.S. during the war led to discrimination and violence toward _________.
German Americans
Made it illegal to discuss anything negative about the government, the Constitution, the army, or the navy.
the Sedition Act
Violated the First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of speech. (during WWI)
the Sedition Act
IT gained strength during WWI, but it also became the target of government efforts to control political radicals.
International Workers of the World (IWW)
The need for labor during the war resulted in the mass movement of African Americans to northern cities.
the Great Migration
As a result of WWI about 400,000 joined the industrial work force for the first time.
women
Russia and the defeated Central powers were not invited to the _____________.
Paris Peace Conference
Most influential man at the peace conference.
Woodrow Wilson
Leader of the American delegation to the peace conference
Woodrow Wilson
Wilson's goals for the war and peace plan after the war.
Fourteen Points
Included reduction of armaments, national self determination, end to secret alliances, and a League of Nations.
Fourteen Points
Attempting to draw boundaries around recognizable national groups.
National Self Determination
Was to support peace by solving conflict through negotiations.
League of Nations
It was based on the idea of collective security.
League of Nations
System in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all.
Collective Security
Wilson compromised on other points to secure the inclusion of the ______________.
League of Nations
The U.S. Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles because they thought the _________ would limit the war making powers of congress.
League of Nations
Opposed the Versailles Treaty because they did not want to join the League of Nations.
"irreconcilable" Senators
Many Republicans in the Senate objected to Article 10 of the League of Nations charter because they feared that the nation would be _____.
drawn into foreign wars.
Placed total blame for the war on Germany
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to pay ____________.
reparations
Payment for damages in a war.
reparations
The treaty of Versailles failed to create a lasting peace because it was ___________.
too harsh on Germany
Postwar adjustments were difficult in the U.S. because there was no plan for merging the returning troops __________.
back into society
The main economic problem facing veterans, returning from the war, was a shortage of ____.
jobs
By the end of the war, many Americans directly involved in the war had become disillusioned by the ____________.

realities of war