Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Compare plantigrade to digitgrade to unguligrade. |
1) humans, walk on tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges -> ambulation, ambulatory gate 2) walk on phalanges, cats, cursorial motion for lots of running (less SA abouts more leverage in limbs) 3) move on tips of phalanges and/or nails ex. artydactyls, perissodactyls |
|
|
Jumping versus ricocheting |
2 versus 4 feet (rabbits versus kangaroo) |
|
|
Brachiation Fimbriation Volant locomotion Fossorial |
1)Swing from tree to tree like monkey using arms 2) Hair on shrew feet, type of swimming animal, increase SA (also thick coats) 3) fly/glide ex. bats only true flyers 4) digging ex. badger, naked mole rat |
|
|
Climbing adaptations |
Claws, prehensile tails, brachiation |
|
|
Elements of locomotion |
Stability (gait: balance, coordination), maneuverability (bones: fused, flexibility), propulsion (muscle mass), endurance (muscle fibers red or white, anaerobic or aerobic) |
|
|
Benefits of homeothermy (6) |
Increase: biochem reaction, reaction time, info processing, nervous system, habitats, activity time |
|
|
Generate (4) /lose heat (2) |
Generate: radiant energy (give off), evaporation (liquid to gas), convection (lose to gas), conduction (solid to solid) *avg body temp is 36-38 compared to 30-33 marsupials and monotremes Loss: metabolic activity or shivering |
|
|
What to do this temp drop/increase |
Drop: increase metabolic activity, shiver (BAT fat), pilerection, vasoconstriction *avoidance is reduce loss or resist by expend energy to generate heat Increase: pant, sweat, vasodilation |
|
|
Bergman's rule |
-a larger body size has smaller surface area to volume ratio -body weight in warmer regions minimal, increases to threshold in colder regions in same taxa -only 1/3 mammals show -Dehnel's phenomenon: become shorter and more discoil (decrease SA) ex. weasels (hairy tails to wrap around self in winter |
|
|
Muskox, reindeer, blubber benefits |
1) dense guard hairs, thick layer fat, silky wool undercoat 2) bulb shaped hollow hair to trap air 3) streamline, buoyancy, energy reserves |
|
|
Rete mirabile |
=wonderful net -network of outcoming/incoming vessels, overlap and exchange heat, helps prevent heat loss through extremes, veins bring back heat from arteries |
|
|
Allen's rule |
Shorter appendages up north, less SA to volume ratio to lose heat ex. desert kit versus red versus arctic fox ears |
|
|
Gloger's rule |
-lighter pigmentation in north for camouflage, uv penetration for vitamin D production |
|
|
Adaptations to temp |
Migrate, communal nesting, nest under snow, nest under snow, torpor, hibernate, winter lethargy, non-shivering thermogenesis, insulation, bergmans rule, allen's rule, gloger's rule, fur, fat, special hair, blubber, countercurrent exchange, seasonal color channge |
|
|
Nonshivering thermoegenesis |
Mitocondria: make ATP via electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation *BAT fat protein uncouples these processes to generate heat (instead of ATP) |
