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131 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Energy and nutrients needed for |
Maintenance Growth Activity Repro |
4 |
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Alimentary canal |
Mouth to anus |
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Insectivory dentition |
Sharp, cone teeth Lower incisors procumbent |
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Alimentary canal in insectivores |
Simple and short Lacking cecum and gastric glands |
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Aerial insectivores |
Bats/chiropterans |
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Gleaning by bats |
Snatching from trees |
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Terrestrial insectivores |
Cheek pouches Venomous saliva |
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Myrmecophagous |
Ant eaters Peg like teeth, no enamel Long tongue Enlarged salivary glands Elongated snouts |
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Eimer's organs |
Snouts of moles and desmans Several thousand tactile organs Smell under water |
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Primate/marsupial insectivores |
Longer fingers for picking Aye-aye, possums, tarsiers |
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Aye aye finger modification |
3rd finger |
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Striped possums modification |
4th finger |
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Basic carnivorous elements |
Large carnassial teeth Versatile dention Short AC Small or absent cecum |
Dention-2 Digestive system-2 |
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Mustelids |
weasel, badger, otter, skunk Active, fierce |
Examples Characterization |
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Felids |
Forward facing eyes for detecting distance and speed Retractable claws Single penetrating bite |
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Canids |
Opportunistic Packs |
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Sanguinivores |
Blood eating Tongue with grooves Long, tubular stomach 2 phased kidney process |
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Baleen feeding |
Teeth are whiskers Filter/suspension feeders |
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Piscivorous |
Fish eating |
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Herbivorous |
Plant eating Food is more abundant but less energy and protein content |
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2 groups of herbivores |
Browsers/grazers: hooved Gnawers: rodents and rabbits |
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Browsers v grazers |
Focus on leaves v grass |
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Herbivores AC |
Long Non rum- simple stomach v Rum-complex |
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Herbivore dentition |
Broad molars, reduced canines Rodents have chisel incisors Jaw muscle adapted for side to side masticating |
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Foregut fermentation |
Rumination Used by artiodacyls More efficient Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum |
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Rumination process |
Rumen-churn and hold Reticulum- mash Regurgitate Omasum- kneading Abomasum-digest |
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Hindgut fermentation |
Monogastric- simple stomach Perrisodactyla Large cecum Rapid |
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Gnawing |
Rodents and lagomorphs No rumination long AC, medium cecum Large ever growing incisors |
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Grainvory |
Fruits, nuts and seeds |
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Folivory |
Leaves and stems |
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Coprophagy |
Eat own feces Lagomorphs and rodents |
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Frugivory |
Fruit Done by bats |
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Nectarivory |
Nectar and pollen Elongated snouts Long tongue |
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Gummivory |
Resin, sap, gum |
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Mycophagy |
Eat fungi |
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Omnivory |
Most mamms Versatile dentition |
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Foraging strats based off what |
Energy Time |
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Optimal foraging |
Focus on cost/benefit that maximize animal fitness Ex: sit and wait v stalking, handling time, etc |
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Marginal value theorem |
How animals choose a feeding site Ex: finding patch, search time in patch, when to leave/return to patch |
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Food hoarding and caching |
Larder Scatter |
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Homeostasis |
Body system functions to regulate the internal enviro |
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3 major control processes |
Nervous system Endocrine system Immune system |
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Nocturnal vision |
Lens and cornea closer to retina More rods than cones |
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Diurnal vision |
Lens and cornea further from retina More cones than rods |
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Retina |
Connects to optic nerve Highly vascularized |
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Rods v cones |
B&W v color |
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Tapetum lucidum |
Bounces back light photons that miss the rods/cones Cause red eye |
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2 most prominent senses in mammals |
Hearing Olfactory |
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Pinnae ears |
External Focus and direct sound |
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Inner ear |
Semicircular canals- balance Stapes, incus, malcus- hearing |
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5 tastes |
Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Umami |
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Smell important for |
Locating food Detecting danger Social relations |
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Vibriasse |
Whiskers Used for touch |
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Whats happened cerebral hemisphere |
Expanded |
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Mosaic evol |
Diff parts of brain evol at different times |
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Endocrine system |
Directly tied to CNS through hypothalamic pit system |
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4 lines of defense in immune system |
Integument Inflammatory reaction Proteins Immune reaction |
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Circadian rhythm |
24 hr period Primary cue is photoperiod Niche partitioning |
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Crepuscular |
Active at sunrise/sunset |
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Cirannual rhythms |
Over a year Hibernation, breeding, molt Zeit geber is photoperiod |
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Zeit geber is photoperiod |
Precip Temp Social cues |
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Increase distance from equator does was to day/night |
Increase difference |
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Ultradian rhythm |
Within 24 hr period Feeding, sociality |
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Ectothermy |
Body temp regulation through external sources |
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Endothermy |
Body temp regulation through internal source |
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Homeothermy |
Temp reg through physiological means Hypothalamys is thermostat |
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Heterothermy |
Temp reg can vary hella |
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Diagonal and flat are |
Ecto and endo |
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O2 consumption does what |
Creates energy |
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Thermoneutral zone |
Resting basal metabolic rate |
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If body temp drops below lower crit temp, what happens |
Hypothermia |
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If body temp rises above upper critical temp, what happens |
Hyperthermia |
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If body temp rises above upper critical temp, what happens |
Hyperthermia |
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Avoidance vs resistance temp control |
Energy conservation v expenditure |
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Increase body size does what to BMR |
Increase food consumption and efficiency |
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Larger animals lose heat... |
Less quickly |
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Bergman's rule on SA |
Large mamms have smaller SA to volume ratio, less mass touching enviro, so less heat slower |
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Allen's rule regarding temp |
Shorter appendages, less SA, better for the cold |
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Countercurrent heat exchange |
Rete mirable Blood flower is closer to middle of appendages/body so the blood warms each other up when passing by |
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Insulation- terrestrial |
Allows lower crit temp to be extended Ex: arctic fox lowered to -40 °C |
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Insulation- aquatic |
Hair tips specialize in trapping air to keep skin dry |
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Insulation- marine |
Blubber Some have fur Overheating on land can be a problem |
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Communal nesting |
Decreases SA |
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Subnivean zone |
Pocket between snow and ground, good for warmth |
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Scatter hoarders |
Scatter food around |
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Larder hoarders |
One or two big stashes of food |
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Torpor |
Short dormancy Lower body temp, respiration, metabolic rate and heart rate Can occur daily |
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Hibernation |
Prolonged winter torpor Body temp can be 2-5°C Wake up once a month to check on temp Waking up is costly |
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Why is waking up throughout hibernation necessary |
Expel metabolic byproducts Assess enviro conditions Mediate evap water loss Maintain memory and functions |
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What do bears do in winter |
Winter lethargy, not hibernate |
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Avoidance of cold methods |
Body size Insulation Modification of microclimates Food hoarding Reduce SA and activity Dormancy |
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Resistance of cold method(s) |
Increase thermogenic capacity |
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Generating more body heat |
Shivering thermogenesis (not v effective) Nonshivering thermogensis |
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Non shivering thermogenesis |
Brown adipose tissue High O2 production Creates heat instead of ATP |
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Adaptation to heat requires regulation to what |
Temp and water |
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2 forms of adapting to heat |
Avoid/dissipate heat Conserve water |
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Kidneys for water conservation |
Medulla and papilla Force back water when getting rid of solute waste via urine |
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Example of sp effectively using kidney |
Dipodomys sp Highly concentrated milk, urine and feces |
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Diet to adapt to heat |
Rely on water stored from food Succulent plants or body fluids of prey |
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Metabolic water dieting |
Storing seeds in most burrow allows for seeds to gain moisture |
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How time of day affects water in plants |
Higher at night due high humidity |
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Order monotremata |
Platypus and Echidna Australia Bill and spur |
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Order didelphimorphia |
Opossum Nearctic and neotropic No sag crest, ankle joint |
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Order microbiotheriidae |
Monito del monte Neotropical Fat stored in prehensile tail |
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Order paucituberculata |
Shrew/rat opossum Neotropical Paired spermatozoa |
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Order scandentia |
Treeshrews Oriental Quill pen tails, mostly arboreal, monogamous |
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Order dermoptera |
Flying lemurs/dermopterans Oriental Glide |
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Order solenodonta |
Solendons Neotropical Largest insectivores |
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Order Diprotodontia |
Koala, kangaroo and wallabies Australia Pouches, little to no bottom canines |
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Order dasyuromorphia |
Tasmanian tiger and devil, dunnart, quolls, numbat Australia Marsupial, carnassial molar |
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Order peramelemorphia |
Bandicoot, echymiperas, bilby Australia Syndactylous, chorioallantois placentae |
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Order soricomorpha |
Shrews and moles All but Australia Eimers organ, toxins in bite |
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Order erinaceomorpha |
Hedgehogs and gymnures Ethiopian, oritental, palearctic Spines |
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Order notoryctemorphia |
Fossorial moles Ethiopian Nasal shield, scoop claw, zalambdont molar |
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Order tenrecoidae |
Tenercs, otter shrew, golden mole Australia and Ethiopian Webbed feet, fused toes, ear flaps |
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Order macroscelidae |
Elephant shrew Ethiopian Flexible snout, bipedal when scared |
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Order chiroptera |
Bats Everywhere Some no echolocation, stellas for echo, some no tail |
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Evaporative cooling |
Water absorbs heat as it evaporates Effective but needs water and convection |
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Panting definition |
Rapid shallow breathing |
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Panting process |
In nasal turbinates Heat and water both lost from evaporative surfaces |
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Negatives to panting |
Lose water Use muscles that cause heat
Respiratory alkalosis |
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Positives to panting |
Promote evaporative heat loss Can keep brain cool |
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Sweating relies ... |
Convection |
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Negatives of sweating |
Lose water and electrolytes |
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Positives of sweating |
Promotes evaporative heat loss |
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Carotid rete |
Counter current system to cool the brain Between nasal sinus and brain |
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Saliva spreading |
Licking limbs until soaked Most effective in dealing with short term heat stress Over all less effective than sweating |
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Thermal windows |
Bear in sparsely furred areas |
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Estivation |
dormancy in reaction to excessive heat Less lethargic than torpid |
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What do camels do at night |
Dump the heat |
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What body size allows for heating up and cooling down to be slow |
Large |
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