Mammalogy Lecture Exam 2

Front 1

Sensory Systems

Back 1

vision, hearing, biological rhythms

Front 2

vision

Back 2

tapetum lucidum, rods, cones

Front 3

tapetum lucidum

Back 3

reflective cover-lines inside eyes, increases night vision

Front 4

rods

Back 4

black and white- night time

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cones

Back 5

color- daytime

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hearing

Back 6

infrasounds and ultrasounds

Front 7

infrasounds

Back 7

(low pitched)- elephants

Front 8

ultrasound

Back 8

(high pitched)-bats, whales ie, echolocators

Front 9

Biological rhythms

Back 9

circadian, ultradian, circannual

Front 10

circadian

Back 10

(24 hr cycle) diurnal, nocturnal, crepuscular

Front 11

diurnal

Back 11

active during daytime - humans, all members of Sciuridae

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nocturnal

Back 12

active at night - Canidae, most of Muridae

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crepuscular

Back 13

active at dawn and dusk (bats) may have limited activity other times but highest activity at dawn and dusk

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Ultradian

Back 14

(>24hr) -bouts of activity and rest -voles and shrews have 6-8 bouts in 24 hr period

Front 15

Circannual

Back 15

(yearly cycles) -hibernation, migration, reproduction, pelage changes/ molt

Front 16

Environmental adaptations to cold

Back 16

increase body size, increase insulation, behavioral thermoregulation, increase metabolic heat production, let body temp vary, regional heterothermy

Front 17

increase body size

Back 17

(less surface area compared to volume)-Bergman’s rule

Front 18

increase insulation

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(fur, blubber) some ungulates have hollow hair to increase insulative value, many aquatic animals trap bubbles under fur, blubber great insulator

Front 19

behavioral thermoregulation for cold conditions

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build a nest/house, gregarious behavior (huddle together during cold weather), basking, positioning near heat source, body position (curled up), migration (whales are greatest mammal migrator), elevational migrations

Front 20

increase metabolic heat production

Back 20

eat fattier food, brown adipose fat (common in bats shrews and infants), shivering

Front 21

let body temp vary

Back 21

slow metabolic rate, different degrees of adaptive hypothermia (torpor, hibernation & estivation)

Front 22

torpor/estivation

Back 22

bears, chipmunks, kangaroo rats, bats (dormancy characterized by lower body temp, respiration, heart rate and metabolic rate), can be due to cold or heat (estivation) bats go into estivation during day in summer, torpor in winter and sometimes true hibernation in winter-some little brown bats live 35 years

Front 23

hibernation

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ground squirrels, marmots, hedgehogs-dramatic decrease in body temp

Front 24

regional heterothermy

Back 24

extremities cooler, constrict blood flow to extremities (basal constriction) some animals have veins wrapped around arteries to warm cold blood before it returns to core

Front 25

Environmental adaptations to heat

Back 25

allen's rule, evaporative cooling, hyperthermia, size, exertion and heat stress strategy, behavioral mechanisms

Front 26

allens rule

Back 26

larger appendages for heat dissipation

Front 27

Evaporative cooling

Back 27

sweating, panting, nasal membranes

Front 28

hyperthermia

Back 28

increase temp above normal some african mammals-camels have 34℃ in morning and 40℃ in heat of afternoon

Front 29

Size

Back 29

larger animals absorb less heat

Front 30

exertion and heat stress strategy

Back 30

cheetahs store heat during hunt then cool afterwards, will sit and pant before eating to dissipate heat

Front 31

behavioral mechanisms for heat regulation

Back 31

nocturnal to avoid heat of the day, swim, seek shade

Front 32

adaptive advantages of fossorial habitats

Back 32

reduce temp fluctuations in environment, high humidity, safer from predation, low O2 and high CO2 (myoglobin in fossorial mammals has higher affinity for O2), burrowing is expensive

Front 33

Water regulation of Intake

Back 33

drinking, eating, metabolic water

Front 34

Water regulation of loss

Back 34

skin-sweat (lungs, tongue, some noses), urination, defecation, lactation, saliva

Front 35

General Water Regulation principles

Back 35

most large mammals drink every day or two, many animals get water thru diet, succulents, seeds soak up moisture underground, some can concentrate urine -nephron & loop of henley (water extracted from urine, longer loop of henley extracts more water)

Front 36

Mammal classification, Kingdom thru Infraclass

Back 36

Kingdom-Animalia
Phylum-Chordata
subphylum-Vertebrata
I. Class- Mammalia
A. Subclass Prototheria (monotremes)
B. Subclass Theria
1. Infraclass Metatheria (marsupials)
2. Infraclass Eutheria (placentals)

Front 37

Prototheria (Monotremes)-evolutionary history

Back 37

diverged early on and retained some primative characteristics but did evolve specialized characteristics

Front 38

Primitive characteristics of monotremes

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oviparous-egg layers, incubate eggs, have hair and produce milk
cloaca -one opening for reproduction, urine and feces
primitive shoulder girdle splays outward
primitive brain has less surface area (less convolutions) (more convolutions related to higher intelligence)
heterothermic -have fluctuations in body temp
some mammals have some of the above characters but evolved back to them

Front 39

Derived Characteristics of monotremes

Back 39

elongated rostrum
mammary glands with no nipples, young lap milk

Front 40

species and relative abundance in Order Monotremata

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Echidna (4 species)
Platypus (1 species)

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Echidna traits

Back 41

insectivorous, true hibernators, spiny

Front 42

Platypus traits

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small, leathery bill, semi-aquatic, webbed feet, nocturnal, spur with venomous gland on hind feet, modified nasal bones to support bill

Front 43

Evolutionary history of Infraclass Metatheria (Marsupials)

Back 43

found in Australia and South America and mostly evolved in isolation (no competion with eutherians ) highly convergent with eutherians (evolved to adapt to niches) were once highly diverse group, fossils range from rhino to large cat size, much diversity lost due to competition with eutherians once ranges overlapped

Front 44

marsupium

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pouch but only ~50% of marsupials have one

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some reasons why marsupials weren't as successful as eutherians

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no flying or marine marsupials
conservative structural plan
haven’t exploited great sizes (like whales)
no complex social systems
most have an opposable digit

Front 46

Neotropical Metatherian Orders

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Didelphimorphia, Paucituberculata, Microbiotheria

Front 47

relative abundance of Order Didelphimorphia and some spp

Back 47

(87 spp) opossum, mouse opossum-prehensile tail, epipubic bones (males and females-might be for supporting pouch or maybe balance), lots of teeth, forked penis because females have double systems with double openings, 13 nipples in circle with one in middle, scrotum anterior to penis, infants find way to pouch and hang onto nipple (like umbilical cord) til mom boots them out

Front 48

Family Didelphidae

Back 48

-Virginia Opossum

Front 49

relative abundance of Order Paucituberculata and some species in

Back 49

(6 spp)-rat opossum

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relative abundance of Order Microbiotheria and some species in

Back 50

(1 sp)-Monito del Monte-opposable thumb

Front 51

Australian Metatherian Orders

Back 51

Dasyuromorphia, Peramelemorphia, Notoryctemorphia, Diprotodontia

Front 52

relative abundance of Order Dasyuromorphia and some spp in

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(71 spp)-carnivorous marsupials- Spotted quoll, extinct Tasmanian wolf, tasmanian devil

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relative abundance of Order Peramelemorphia and some spp in

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(21 spp) bandicoot, bilby

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relative abundance of Order Notoryctemorphia and spp in

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(2 spp)- marsupial mole

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relative abundance of Order Diprotodontia and spp in

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(143 spp) most speciose group-kangaroo, wallaby, wombat, possum, glider, koala, cuscus, sugar gliders -can use tail as third foot for balance to attack with back feet

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membranes in amniotic egg

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embryo in amniotic sac of amniotic fluid for protection attached to yolk sac for nutrition, surrounded by allantoic cavity created by allantoic membrane for gas exchange then chorion for disposal of nitrogenous waste all within the shell

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placental evolution in metatherians

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choriovitteline placenta because yolk and chorion membranes merged

Front 58

placental evolution in eutherians

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chorioallantoic placenta because allantoic and chorion membranes merged

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Insectivores

Back 59

gen characteristics: plantigrade, heterodont dentition with large first incisor, not much dental specialization, small eyes, some have cloaca, some spp have toxic saliva, some spp have crude echolocation, Orders: Afrosoricida, Erinaceomorpha, Soricomorpha, Talpidae

Front 60

Order Afrosoricida

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(51 sp) tenrecs and golden moles, tenrecs classic case of divergent evolution (from Madagascar) diversified to fill many niches, golden moles (african)-move thru sand, no permanent tunnels

Front 61

Order Erinaceomorpha

Back 61

(24spp) hedgehogs (england) and gymnure (moon rats) (Philippines)

Front 62

Order Soricomorpha

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(428spp) shrews (family Soricidae) and moles (family Talpidae) Solenodon (Caribbean)

Front 63

Family-Soricidae

Back 63

(shrews)- high metabolic rate, most widespread distribution of any insectivore, subfamily has pigmented teeth (in OR-makes id easy in owl pellets) double pointed incisor, pointy unicuspids, some have aquatic adaptations some trap air under feet and run across water, must eat 2xbody weight every day, aggressive and solitary, babies grab onto mom in a chain, mostly tunnel in leaf litter

Front 64

Family-Talpidae

Back 64

(moles, shrew-moles)-talpids have broad feet, subterranean, pectoral girdle, feet and musculature modified for digging, surface runs and deep tunnels and dens

Front 65

Order Macroscelidea

Back 65

(15 spp)- elephant shrews, large ears and eyes, long snouts, insectivores, from africa,

Front 66

Order Scandentia

Back 66

(20 spp) tree shrews, insectivores, 1 family, distributed across India and Malayan archipelago, convergence of arboreal habits

Front 67

Order Dermoptera

Back 67

-colugo (flying lemurs), glide 1 genus 2 spp, distributed SE Asia and Malayan archipelago, restricted to trees, habitat extremely threatened, can’t disperse across clearcuts, lower incisors modified into comb for grooming, furred membrane for gliding, can glide with baby hanging on

Front 68

Order Chiroptera

Back 68

(1116 spp)-second most diverse order in mammalia, most agree that chiropterans are monophyletic and flight evolved once but some controversy, wings modified from digit bones, thumb free, other digits elongate for attachment of membrane, propatagium above limb, chiropatagium between digits, plagiopatagium between last digit and foot, uropatagium connects to feet to tail, uropatagium sometimes used like basket to scoop insects, calcar adds support to uropatagium, some hibernate or have torpor, efficient insect predators, important pollinators, greatest diversity in tropics and sub-tropics but distributed everywhere except polar regions and some islands, not much fossil record due to small size, wing loading (large wings for body size) lower than most birds making them much more maneuverable, white nose syndrome (fungus) that disrupts torpor causing loss of fat reserves and lots of mortality may be spread by cavers and bats may cause myotis lucifugus to go extinct estimates of 90% bats extinct in next 100 yrs

Front 69

Megachiropterans

Back 69

(fruit bats and flying foxes), uropatagial spur-cartilaginous support for uropatagium, 1 family, large eyes, no tragus, mostly fruit eaters also nectar and pollen, Africa, Australia south pacific, not known to hibernate, roost in colonies as many as 100,000, active during day

Front 70

3 major achievements of bats

Back 70

-flight, echolocation, reduce metabolic rate during day for energy conservation

Front 71

Microchiropterans

Back 71

Microchiropterans; insectivorous bats, several families, heterothermic-body temp fluctuates thru day even when not hibernating, echolocation for orientation, hang upside down because it is easier to take off-might not be able to take off from the ground, elaborate nose structures help with sound production
family Vespertiliontidae
family Molossidae (free tailed bats)-form colonies, often migrate to mexico but may not if they find a good place to winter

Front 72

Order Primates

Back 72

(376 spp) suborders Strepsirhini (primitive) & Haplorhini (New and Old World anthropoid primates

Front 73

radiation of primates due to

Back 73

arboreal habits, stereoscopic eyes, social behavior,

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suborder Strepsirhini

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(more primitive characters),5 families of lemur endemic to Madagascar, potto, loris, galago (bush babies), aye-aye (have extended digit for grub collecting)

Front 75

suborder Haplorhini

Back 75

tarsiers and New and Old World anthropoid primates; New World anthropoid primates: marmosets and tamarins and monkeys; Old World anthropoid primates: macaques, baboons and mangabey, gibbons and apes (Hominidae)

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New World anthropoid primates

Back 76

marmosets, tamarins, monkeys (Cibidae, only in South America)

Front 77

Old World anthropoid primates

Back 77

baboons and macaques, gibbons, apes (humans in this line)

Front 78

Order Cingulata

Back 78

(21 spp) Dasypodidae, armadillos

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Xenarthrans

Back 79

Cingulata & Pilosa -armadillo, sloths, anteaters (have extra articulations in lower back that add rigidity (xenarthrous process), no incisors or canines, sloths have caniform premolar, radiated in South America-neotropcal

Front 80

armadillos

Back 80

curl up, defensive mechanism is to run to their dens, carry leprosy especially lactating females

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Order Pilosa

Back 81

(10 spp)-sloth, anteater, sloths only come down to defecate can swim very clumsy on ground, anteaters some can climb trees babies ride on mama and can hardly be seen

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Order Pholidota

Back 82

(8spp)-pangolins, Africa, Sahara desert, SE Asia, pholis ‘horny scale’, tongue attaches to sternum (some anteater tongues do too), feed mostly on termites

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Order Tubulidentata

Back 83

(1spp) aardvark, South Africa, large ears, nocturnal, powerful diggers, ecosystem engineers-make a lot of tunnels and excavations that other animals will use, use smell mostly to find food, ants and termites, elongated snout with sticky tongue, digitgrade but not that fast

Front 84

family Dasypodidae

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9-banded armadillo, always have quadruplets from 1 egg, only NA family not found in OR

Front 85

adaptive radiation

Back 85

arisal of many orders in a short period of time (many mammal orders), extinction of the dinosaurs opened up a lot of new niches leading to the adaptive radiation of mammals, leads to a lot of confusion and controversy about who is most closely related to who

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star phylogeny

Back 86

phylogeny of a central ancestor with many derived orders creates a star shape

Front 87

Order Creodontia

Back 87

closely related to carnivora but no extant members

Front 88

Order Carnivora

Back 88

(287spp) mid-level of diversity 2 suborders-Feliformia & Caniformia, many threatened, large ranges-need large prey base, conflict with people, tend to have large effect on their ecosystems and are largely effected by human activity, remarkable sense of smell (highly complex turbinal bones increase surface area), predacious, mostly carnivorous but some omnivorous, carnassial teeth P4/m1 for shearing, most have digitigrade except for omnivores which are plantigrade, many have anal scent glands

Front 89

suborder Feliformia, Family Felidae

Back 89

cat, hyenas, aardwolf, civets and genets, most proficient predators, most strictest carnivore diet, short rostrum increases bite power, retractable claws except for cheetah, large cats roar and small cats purr due to differences in hyoid bone (tongue attachment point), most don’t have clavicle-moves front feet more directly underneath for faster running fast burst of speed to take prey

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Hyenas

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specialized carrion feeders, mostly don’t kill themselves, modified with strong bite and stomach acid for digesting bones

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Aardwolf

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specialized for termites, weak jaw, most closely related to hyenas

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Civets and genets

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short legged carnivores, insects and small mammals

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Herpesitids

Back 93

mongooses-old world but introduced many places and wreak havoc, will throw eggs between legs to break it against a rock, developed social structure (meer cats) that allowed some to develop diurnal habits

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suborder Caniformia

Back 94

Canidae, Mustelidae, Mephitidae, Procyonidae, Ursidae, Odobenidae, Phocidae, Otariidae

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Family Canidae

Back 95

long rostrum, complex turbinal bones, well developed carnassial teeth, many missing clavicle for more efficient cursorial motion, not as fast as cats longer pursuits of prey wear prey down, non retractable claws, hunting behavior loosely correlated with size fox solitary and wolves in a pack

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Family Mustelidae

Back 96

fishers, weasels, badgers, otters, typically small, long bodied, short limbed, pushed in face, well dev. scent glands, many have valuable fur, otters use tools, delayed implantation, breed in spring while kits are young and delay implantation until winter

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Family Mephitidae

Back 97

skunks

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Family Procyonidae

Back 98

raccoons, cotymondys, lesser panda (red panda, problematic taxa)- omniverous feeding, dexterous forefeet for washing food, almost lost carnassial teeth

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Family Ursidae

Back 99

bears, spectacled bear, panda (problematic)-black bears have elongated face and brown bears have rounded face, brown bear was historically found here- omnivorous, large size, plantigrade, non-retractable claws, powerful limbs, agile, cheek teeth modified for crushing, technically not true hibernators but temp does drop slightly and pulse drops dramatically-can be aroused-large size limits amount temp can drop

Front 100

Family Odobenidae

Back 100

walrus-no external ears, both sexes have tusks, mollusk specialists, gregarious, polyganous (multiple females for dominant male and sneaker males)

Front 101

pinniped characteristics

Back 101

aquatic, generally larger than land mammals (easier to regulate body temp), no clavicles for fusiform shape, torpedo shape, canines modified into tusks, cheek teeth modified homodont dentition-grab fish and mollusks and swallow-(walrus mollusk specialists), hands and feet fully webbed, shunt blood to certain extremities and body parts for deep dives

Front 102

Family Phocidae

Back 102

earless seals, don’t move well on land, highly specialized for aquatic life, hind limbs modified for propulsion, many monogamous at least for a season, elephant seals polyganous-males very large females seal sized-males large proboscis for noise, live under ice and maintain breathing holes

Front 103

Family Otariidae

Back 103

eared seals, sea lions -less modified for aquatic lifestyle-do better on land, can waddle on flippers, front flippers propel

Front 104

non taxonomic way to break down carnivores

Back 104

fissipeds: feliformes + other caniformes, pinnipeds: aquatic caniformes-walrus, seals

Front 105

Order Cetacea

Back 105

(84sp) suborder Mysticeti & Odontoceti, largest fossil, blue whale largest, all listed in CITES, populations crashed due to overhunting & slow repro-only 1xyr, closest relative artiodactyla like hippos, modified nares on top of head, sperm whale largest toothed whale, rapid gas exchange, apnea, have little dead air space in lungs, 2x more erythrocytes, more myoglobin, heart rate drops during deep dives, high tolerance for lactic acid & CO2, use geomagnetic field for navigation, fusiform body shape, hair confined to bristles, blubber for insulation (adipose tissue), no sebaceous glands, forelimbs for steering, power from fluke with vertical undulating movement, vestigial hind limbs, regressed pelvis -may have secondary purposes

Front 106

suborder Mysticeti

Back 106

baleen whales, humpback whales (hunt with bubble nets)-baleen hangs in sheets from roof of mouth-like stiff coarse hair-keratinized structures, mostly don’t form pods sometimes small groups but mostly as individuals or mom with baby-3 feeding styles-right whale, large head suck in water and spit thru filters-rorquals, expandable ventral pouch for bringing in large amount of water, have short baleen plates and spit water out, gray whale-mud scoopers, scoop mud and filter, often find at river mouths

Front 107

suborder Odontoceti

Back 107

toothed whales-oceans and rivers, can echolocate, might be able to acoustically stun prey, killer whales for pods some specialize on different prey, homodont dentition, narwhale has modified tooth as tusk for ritualized combat, sperm whale often dive real deep (hunt squid) then hang out at surface for a long time to exchange gasses

Front 108

Order Rodentia

Back 108

(2277sp) sister group of Lagomorpha, largest order, broken into suborders based on attachment of masseter muscle, suborders: Sciuromorpha, Castorimorpha, Myomorpha, Anomaluromorpha, Hystricomorpha, ever growing front incisors with frontal enamel is one of the traits allowing massive diversification of order (opened up greater variety of food sources), lost canines and some premolars-diastema, many ecological equivalents-convergent evolution (jerboa-dipodidae looks like roo rat-heteromyidae but is in Africa),

Front 109

suborder Sciuromorpha

Back 109

Aplodontiidae, Scuiridae, Geomyidae
(small infraorbital foramen)-lateral masseter attaches to zygomatic arch and rostrum

Front 110

suborder Castorimopha

Back 110

Castoridae -beavers ecosystem engineers, Heteromyidae-desert species-occur here because of influx of spp from Great Basin flora, long legs, usually nocturnal, store food underground to get water-get ~100% of water from food and metabolism, active year round, take lots of sand baths, long tail for balance

Front 111

suborder Myomorpha

Back 111

Dipodidae (jumping mice), hibernate-short period of activity
Cricetidae (vole, deer mouse) voles-bicolored-arboreal, peromyscus not arboreal,
Muridae (old world rats & mice, house mouse) moved around world with humans, high reproductive capacity and evergrowing incisors contributed to success

(slit-like infraorbital foramen)- lateral masseter attaches to the zygomatic arch and the medial masseter attaches ti the rostrum (most families of sciurognaths including muridae)

Front 112

suborder Anomaluromorpha

Back 112

scaly-tailed squirrels & old world-spring hares (African)

Front 113

suborder Hystricomorpha

Back 113

Erethizontidae (porcupine), Myocastoridae (nutria), capybera (largest rodent)
(large infraorbital foramen) medial masseter passes through enlarged infraorbital foramen and attaches to rostrum)

Front 114

Orders with greatest diversity (>1000spp)

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Rodentia (2277), Chiroptera (1116)

Front 115

Orders of moderate diversity (>100 & <1000spp)

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Soricomorpha (428), Primates (376), Carnivora (287), Artiodactyla (240), Diprotodontia (143)

Front 116

Orders of low/med diversity (>50 & <100spp)

Back 116

Lagomorpha (93), Cetacea (84), Didelphimorphia (87), Dasyuromorphia (71), Afrosoricida (51)

Front 117

Orders of low diversity (<50spp)

Back 117

Erinaceomorpha (24), Scandentia (20),Peramelemorphia (21), Cingulata (21), Perissodactyla (17), Macroscelidea (15), Pilosa (10), Pholidota (8),Paucituberculata (6), Sirenia (5), Hyracoidea (4), Proboscidea (3), Notoryctiemorphia (2), Dermoptera (2), Tubulidentata (1), Microbiotheria (1)

Front 118

Order Lagomorpha

Back 118

(93spp) sister group of Rodentia, Ochotonidae, Leporidae, rabbits, hares & pikas, like small ungulates, diversity probably suppressed by ungulates, fenestrated rostrum (maybe for cooling?), evergrowing incisors, diastema (allows them to gather things in their mouth), peg-like incisors, rigid mandibular joint (to withstand shock), population cycles (snowshoe hare and lynx-lynx pops follow hare pops with lag time and less extreme-new research shows connection with plant anti-herbivorous toxins), rabbits have altricial young (helpless at birth), hares have precocial young, caprophagic (hindgut ruminators w/ large cecum), pikas store hay and protect it and try to steal it from each other, some pikas live in nunataks (snow free areas in glaciers)-small pops that may go extinct fairly often- will feed on migrating birds

Front 119

Order Proboscidea

Back 119

3 spp, sister taxa of Hyracoidea along with Sirenia elephants, African-savannah, African-forest, Asian, largest land mammals, graviportal limbs, modified incisors form tusks, hypsodont (high crowned) molars, shorter life span in zoos-difficult to get herbivore diet right, modify landscape-terrorize trees, infrasounds low frequency that travels long distances (5mi thru air, as far as 20 mi in ground), highly social, matriarchal-lead female and sisters, difficult to keep in zoos

Front 120

Asian elephant characters

Back 120

smaller ears, top of head dome shaped and highest point, smaller size, finger like projection at end of trunk

Front 121

African elephant characters

Back 121

larger size, larger ears in shape of Africa, shoulders usually highest point, 2 fingerlike projections on tip of trunk

Front 122

Order Hyracoidea

Back 122

(4 spp), hyrax, rock hyraxes communal & diurnal, tree hyraxes solitary arboreal & nocturnal, weight on 3rd digit-mesaxonic, debate about whether more closely related to perissodactyl or proboscidea & sirenia (more support),

Front 123

Order Sirenia

Back 123

(5 spp) grazers, all endangered, bristles on face, some insulation but restricted to tropical regions, vestigial pelvis and hind limbs, fluked tail
manatees (florida-central america) slow
dugongs (africa-asia) faster

Front 124

Ungulates

Back 124

perissodactyla & artiodactyla, hooved herbivores

Front 125

Order Perissodactyla

Back 125

(17spp), horses, rhinos & tapirs, convergence with artiodactyl-due to fast, herbivorous herd animals, cheekteeth large and very complex, hindgut (intestinal) fermentors but no caprophagy, mesaxonic-run on 3rd digit, hooves, metapodials (metatarsals and metacarpals) fused into cannon bone allows rigidity and stability to help with speed and stability, long legs increases stride length, fast stride rate, reduced-to-lost clavicle, formerly more diverse, horns, horses diversified in north america moved to old world then exterpirated in NA, white rhino grazer, black rhino browser,

Front 126

Order Artiodactyla

Back 126

(240spp), Antilocapridae, Cervidae, Bovidae, pigs, peccaries,hippos, camels (lama, vicuna, etc), giraffes, deer, antelope, sheep, goats, cattle, mostly foregut (gastric) fermentors ex pigs, 4 digestive chambers-3 from esophagus and 1 real stomach, horns and antlers, if antlers grow at unequal rates they spiral, peraxonic (weight on 3 & 4, with 2 & 5 forming dew claws with no thumb 1), many have cannon bone, most have high crowned teeth

Front 127

Family Antilocapridae

Back 127

pronghorn, one species restricted to North America (fossil record entirely NA), super fast up to 60mph, some females have small horns, won’t jump over fences-run along and look for break

Front 128

Family Cervidae

Back 128

deer and elk, will jump fences, generally only males have antlers, mule deer (bigger-east side) and black-tailed deer (smaller-coastal west side) on genetic continuum that I-5 is separating, black-tailed deer have branched antlers and white-tail have long main antler with extensions-have been introduced to 
Roseburg area, high populations can be harmful to other elements in ecosystem and spread disease

Front 129

Family Bovidae

Back 129

sheep, goats and bison, sheep won’t jump fences

Front 130

4 chamber digestive process

Back 130

mouth- chewing starts digestion goes to -rumen- what didn’t get chewed well floats to top and is regurgitated, rechewed and goes to -reticulum- & -omasum- fermentation on to -abomasum- true stomach