Learning

Front 1

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

Back 1

learning

Front 2

learning that certain events occur together

Back 2

associative learning

Front 3

events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences

Back 3

associative learning

Front 4

a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli

Back 4

classical/Pavlovian conditioning

Front 5

a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus

Back 5

classical/Pavlovian conditioning

Front 6

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment

Back 6

operant conditioning

Front 7

the view that psychology should be an objective science

Back 7

behaviorism

Front 8

studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Back 8

behaviorism

Front 9

in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

Back 9

unconditioned response

Front 10

salivation when food is in the mouth

Back 10

unconditioned response

Front 11

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

Back 11

conditioned response

Front 12

in classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Back 12

conditioned stimulus

Front 13

the initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened

Back 13

acquisition

Front 14

in classical conditioning, the phase in which a stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response

Back 14

acquisition

Front 15

in operate conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

Back 15

acquisition

Front 16

the diminishing of a conditioned response

Back 16

extinction

Front 17

occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus

Back 17

extinction

Front 18

occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Back 18

extinction

Front 19

the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response

Back 19

spontaneous recovery

Front 20

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses

Back 20

generalization

Front 21

in classical conditioning, the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal and unconditioned stimulus

Back 21

discrimination

Front 22

in operant conditioning, responding differently to stimuli that signal a behavior will be reinforced or will not be reinforced

Back 22

discrimination

Front 23

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning

Back 23

respondent behavior

Front 24

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

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operant behavior

Front 25

principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely

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Law of effects

Front 26

principle that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Back 26

Law of effects

Front 27

a chamber containing a bar of key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcers, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning

Back 27

Skinner box

Front 28

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal

Back 28

shaping

Front 29

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Back 29

reinforcer

Front 30

in operant conditioning, anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with a desirable event or state

Back 30

positive reinforcement

Front 31

in operant conditioning, anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with the removal of an undesirable event or state

Back 31

negative reinforcement

Front 32

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; a conditioned reinforcer

Back 32

secondary reinforcement (conditioned reinforcers)

Front 33

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

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continuous reinforcement

Front 34

reinforcing a response only part of the time

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partial reinforcement

Front 35

results in slower acquisition of response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Back 35

partial reinforcement

Front 36

in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Back 36

fixed ratio

Front 37

in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at a unpredictable time intervals

Back 37

variable interval

Front 38

in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Back 38

fixed interval

Front 39

in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Back 39

variable ration

Front 40

an aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Back 40

punishment

Front 41

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment

Back 41

cognitive map

Front 42

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Back 42

latent learning

Front 43

the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do

Back 43

over justification effect

Front 44

the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task

Back 44

over justification effect

Front 45

learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others

Back 45

observational learning

Front 46

the process of observing and imitating a behavior

Back 46

modeling