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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who was the main psychologist behind "associative learning" aka "classical conditioning"?
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Ivon Pavlov
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How did Pavlov become interested in / discover "associative learning"?
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He initially observed the salivation of dogs and was having difficulties understanding why they salivated at different times.
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Who came up witht he idea of "The Law of Effect" (consequences of behavior determine its survival)?
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Edward Thorndike
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What was Thorndike's "Law of Effect"?
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Consequences of behavior determine its survival... What occurs after we behave determines whether we learn it or not.
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What did Wilhelm Wundt found in the history of psychology and what did it focus on?
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He founded the first school of psychology focused on the "structure" of consciousness, the building blocks of perception.
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What kind of psychologists "studied the elements of perception through the methodology of introspection"?
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Structuralists.
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What is introspection?
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Looking inside of oneself and reporting; very subjective.
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What did structuralists try to describe?
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Qualities of perception.
For example, describe the color yellow. |
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Who came up with a revolutionary idea about psychology in the 1920's and what was their philosophy?
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John Watson - Behaviorism
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Who believed in these criteria?
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-Introspection was rejected
-Objective analysis of behavior -Quantitative, measurable data |
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Who followed the S-R Psychology method?
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Behaviorists
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What does S-R Psychology stand for / mean?
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Stimuli and Responses are observable and objective, and should be the sole object of study in psychology.
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What is the updated version of the S-R model?
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S-O-R model (Stimuli - Organismic - Responses)
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What does the O stand for and mean in the S-O-R model?
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Organismic events: internal, cognitive, mental events with neurobiological underpinnings)
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What is classical conditioning?
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When stimuli become associated with one another and come to substitute for one another.
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What is the UCS? What was the UCS in Pavlov's original experiment?
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UnConditioned Stimulus
Food |
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What is the UCR? What was the UCR in Pavlov's original experiment?
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UnConditioned Response; Reflex
Salivation |
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What is the CS? What was the CS in Pavlov's original experiment?
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Conditioned Stimulus
Bell |
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What is the CR? What was the CR in Pavlov's original experiment?
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Conditioned Response
Salivation |
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Are the UCS and the CS the same?
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They are similar, but not identical.
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What is generalization?
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A similar stimulus to the CS might lead to a similar response (CR).
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What is discrimination?
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Absence of generalization (similar stimulus's are differentiated between so that they don't elicit the CR).
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What is extinction?
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The tendency of CR to weaken in intensity when CS is presented without the CR.
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What is acquisition?
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The formation of conditioning a previously neutral stimulus (NS) to have a conditioned response (CR).
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What is spontaneous recovery?
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The occurrence when a CS that has been extinguished elicits the CR.
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What are the two factors in "Mowrer's Two-Factor Theory"?
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1) Classical conditioning - fear is learned
2) Operant conditioning - fear is maintained |
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What is avoidance learning?
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Withdrawal from a fear / behavior increases in frequency because it is negatively reinforced; extinction of a fear can not occur because the learner never confronts the fear.
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What is systematic desensitization?
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-->Treatment for phobias using the principle of counterconditioning
Takes classical conditioning into realm of cognition: visual imagery and mental associations are actively engaged to "desensitize" various fears or stimuli. |
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What is counterconditioning?
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A classical conditioning procedure for weakening a CR by associating the CS (fear-producing stimuli) with a new response incompatible with the fear.
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What 3 basic steps / techniques are utilized in SD (systematic desensitization)?
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1) Hierarchy of feared situations
2) Relaxation and coping imagery skills 3) Application of relaxation in combination with the hierarchy |
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What is In Vivo Desensitization and how does it different from Stimulus Desensitization?
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In Vivo means literally "in life" - facing fears in real life whereas SD is merely mental associations.
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What determines the survival of behaviors?
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Consequences, as in Thorndike's "Law of Effect"
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What is shaping?
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Complex sequences of behavior are learned gradually through selective reinforcement of "successive approximations" of target behavior.
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What is the general idea of reinforcement?
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The process of strengthening or increasing the probability of behavior.
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What is positive reinforcement?
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When a pleasant/positive stimulus follows a behavior and strengthens it.
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What are some examples of positive reinforcement?
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Money, good grades, hugs, high fives, pleasant drug effects, promotions, bonuses...etc.
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What is negative reinforcement?
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When a negative / aversive stimulus is removed following a behavior resulting in a strengthening of the behavior.
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What are some examples of negative reinforcement?
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Pain relievers, giving into whining child, being tortured (tell them what they want, stop being tortured, increase in talking)...etc.
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What is punishment?
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The process of weakening the probability of behavior.
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What are some examples of punishment?
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Electric shock social disapproval, monetary fines, jail terms, spankings... etc.
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Is an aversive stimulus always a punisher?
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No, because sometimes the aversive stimulus does not decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.
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Which is more effective, reinforcement or punishment? Why?
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Reinforcement, because punishment is very inconsistent.
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What is a ratio schedule?
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A schedule in which reinforcement is based on the number of times the behavior occurs.
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What is an interval schedule?
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A schedule in which reinforcement is based on specific units of time.
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What is a fixed schedule?
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A schedule in which reinforcement is consistently provided upon each occurrence.
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What is a variable schedule?
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A schedule in which reinforcement is applied at different rates or at different times.
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What is the best schedule for learning something quickly (but extinguishes relatively quickly)?
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Continuous Reinforcement: Fixed Ratio Schedule.
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What is the best schedule for maintaining learning (not necessarily faster though)?
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Partial Reinforcement: Variable Ratio Schedule.
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What does the Social Learning Theory believe in?
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A cognitively controlled mind.
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What did the Social Learning Theory replace?
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Behaviorism.
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How did the Social Learning Theory come to be?
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By re-introducing the importance of internal mediating forces (the O's in the S-O-R model).
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What does the Social Learning Theory focus on?
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Observational and Learning Phenomena or Imitation Learning
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Which type of neurons help us understand others behavior for us?
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Mirror neurons.
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What is latent learning?
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When you know something but you don't demonstrate your knowledge of it.
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What did Albert Bandura study?
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The influence of modeling aggressive behavior in social learning.
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What was the IV in Bandura's Bobo Doll Study?
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Exposed to aggression or not / reward or punished for aggression.
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What was the DV in Bandura's Bobo Doll Study?
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Aggressive behavior.
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What was the order of mean imitative aggression scores for children from high to low?
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Aggressive model rewarded (15), aggressive model punished (9), non-aggressive model (7), no model (5).
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What are the four cognitive "O" factors in the S-O-R model?
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1) Attention
2) Retention 3) Reproduction 4) Motivation |
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What were the three groups in Seligman's Helplessness model?
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1) being shocked but can do an action to escape (escapable shock)
2) being shocked when ever group 1 is shocked (inescapable shock) 3) did not get shocked |
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What were the results from the Seligman Helplessness model?
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The inescapable shock group has learned helplessness because they did not try to escape the shock whereas the other dogs tried and managed to escape shock.
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What was the name of the place the dogs in the Seligman Helplessness Model were placed when they were testing for helplessness?
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Shuttle Box.
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