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9 Cards in this Set
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Robin Lakoff (1975) |
Language is contributing to lack of women’s power ( through language used by women + about women ).
Women language gives the impression are weaker and less certain: speak less, back channeling, quieter + higher pitched, SE, great range of intonation. |
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More Robin Lakoff Examples |
Question intonation in declarative statements “I think we should do this?” ( raising pitch at the end to turn statement into a question.) Heading, v polite (‘if you don’t mind’.) tag questions, intensifiers, ‘soooooo’, diminutives, euphemisms. “women don’t tell jokes well and don’t understand punchlines”. |
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William O’Barr and Bowman Atkins (1980) |
Challenges Lakoff ( is Difference and Dominance ) Language difference is situation specific (based on power + authority) not gender. |
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O’Barr and Atkins (1980) Test |
Studied courtroom cases, “women’s language” was found to be powerless not just female. ( hedging, super polite, tag questions, speaking less frequently + apologising etc ). |
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O’Barr and Atkins Results (1980) |
Women’s language is found in man and woman’s speech ( housewife + ambulance driver) with jobs lacking power and control. Other man + woman with less women’s language powerful (doctor + policeman) powerful positions “derives from social status + power in society”. |
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Dan ZIMMERMAN AND Candace WEST (1975) |
Dominance model mixed sex convos, men will interrupt more. ( bad sample group - small with all white, middle class and under 35). in 11 convos, men interrupted 46 times, women only 2. men interrupt more often= more dominant.
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Esther Greif (1980) |
Dominance Model gender differences in interruptions and simultaneous speech between parents + pre school children. no difference in how kids speak in m/f. dads interrupted more + both parents more likely to interrupt their daughters. women are socialised into speaking less + letting themself be interrupted. opposite is true for men. |
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Geoffrey Beattie (1982) |
Criticises Zimmerman and West. ( sample size too small ) 557 interruptions in m/f case, men only slightly more. “ the problem with this is that you might simply have one very voluble man in the study which has a disproportionate effect on the total”. |
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Pamela Fishman (1983) |
Criticises Lakoff m/f convos fail because of how men respond or don’t respond. “women do conversational shitwork” to keep convos going. men speak 2x more |
