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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What two horomones regulate blood glucose and what are they made of and what type of physiological function is it?
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Insulin and Glucagon.
They are peptides. It is an endocrine function. |
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How does the pancreas serve as an endocrine function? |
Responding to a change in blood pressure the pancreas secretes Insulin and glucagon which causes biological changes in distant target cells by binding to protein receptor molecules embedded in the plasma membrane. |
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How does the pancreas serve as an exocrine function? |
The pancreas can secrete digestive enzymes into the nearby duodenum of the small intestine.
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What type of responses to insulin does the body tissue have? |
Gene regulation. Changes in intracellular ion concentration. Changes in fuel metabolism. |
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What are the three major targets of glucose utilization? |
Skeletal muscle. Adipose. Liver. |
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What are the three major pathways that insulin stimulates glucose uptake and consumtion in the blood? |
1.) Breakdown by glycolysis and cell respiration for ATP production. 2.) Uptake of "extra" blood glucose to store as glycogen. 3.) Conversion of glucose into triglycerides (white fats) and liver (lipogenesis) for long term storage. |
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What is the name when extra blood glucose is stored in the liver as glycogen. |
Glycogenesis. |
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What measurement unit is used to report blood glucose levels? |
( mg/dl)Milligrams per deciliter, a unit of measure that shows the concentration of a substance in a specific amount of fluid. |
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What is the name when the liver breaks down glycogen into blood glucose? |
Glycogenolysis |
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What are normal fasting levels of blood glucose? What are normal ranges for diabetics? |
70-130 mg/dl >126 mg/dl |
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What is the name of blood levels shortly after eating? What are normal ranges of this? What are normal ranges for diabetics? |
Post-prandial blood glucose. 170-180 mg/dl well over 200 mg/dl |
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What is a disorder for fuel metabolism |
Diabetes mellitus. |
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What are the two major syndromes of diabetes mellitus? What are both types of diabetes characterized by? |
Type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent). Type 2 diabetes (insulin resistant). High blood sugar and the inability to metabolize glucose. |
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What is the medical term for high blood glucose. |
Hyperglycemia. |
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What is the name for excess blood glucose that is excreted in urnine? |
Glucosuria |
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What is the greek name for diabetes mellitus? |
Sweet urine. |
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How does type 1 diabetes affect the body? |
It is an autoimmune destruciton of BETA cells in the pancreas that leads to little or no production of insulin. |
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How does type 2 diabetes affect the body? |
Body tissues fail to respond to insulin correctly even though insulin is produced and circulated. The blood is overloaded with glucose, but tissues starve as they are unable to use it? |
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WHich type of diabetes is more common? |
Type 2 accounting for 95% of all diabetics. |
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What is generalized term used to describe the combination of medical disorders (weight, activity level, heredity etc) that increase a persons risk for developing diabetes? |
Metabolic syndrome. |
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What test is used to assess insulin performance and how is it done? |
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Fast for 12 hours. blood glucose is taken 2 hours before and after drinking a 75gram glucose solution. |
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What does the OGTT allow measurment of? |
Fasting blood glucose and post-prandial blood glucose. |
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How long does it take for blood glucose to rise after consuming carbohydrates? How long before the body absorbs insulin secretions |
10-15minutes. 30-60 minutes. |
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What were the results of the lab. What happened to blood glucose after a sugar drink at 0 minutes - 30 minutes and 60 minutes? |
No change in blood glucose at 0 minutes. An increase of 28 mg/dl at 30 minutes. A decrease from the 30 to 60 minute mark of 20.1 mg/dl. =@0, ^@30, decrease@60 with a statistically significant P value. |
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What happened to blood glucose after a water drink. |
No significant change in blood glucose levels at the 0,30 and 60 minute marks. With a insignificant p value |
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Muscle physiology lab |
Monday 29, 2016 |
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Where do muscle fibers receive a stimulus from? |
Somatic motor neurons. |
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What is the junction between a muscle fiber and somatic motor neuron? |
Neuromuscular junction. |
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What neurotransmitter and receptor are utilized at the neuromuscular junction? |
Acetylcholine and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. |
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After an action potential begins what is released and where is it released from? |
Ca+2. sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
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What does the calcium bind to? What does that enable. |
Troponin. |
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What does calcium binding to troponin cause. |
Ca and troponin binding causes tropomyosin to expose active sites on the myofilament actin allowing mysoin to grab onto the actin and pull on the active sites. |
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The pulling of the actin and myosin myofilaments is the basis for what theory?
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Sliding filament theory. |
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What happens to muscle fibers when stimulated by ACh |
They contract to their maximum potential. |
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What affects the strength of muscle contraction? |
The amount of muscle fibers stimulated by a motor neuron. The more fibers stimulated by a motor neuron the the greater the contractile force. |
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What occurs when the force generated by a muscle exceeds any opposing forces and results in muscle shortening? |
Contractions. |
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What are the two types of contractions? Define them. |
Isotonic (same strength) - Muscle tension results in muscle shortening. Isometric (same length) - Muscle tension does not result in muscle shortening. |
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What occurs with prolonged or repetitive use of a muscle group? |
Muscle fatigue. |
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What parts of the body play a role in muscle fatigue? |
CNS. PNS. Muscle units. Individual muscle units. |
