Kins 2230 Lecture 4 Info Processing

Front 1

Information Processing

Back 1

The analysis of how we process information. Internal and external input comes to the performer, is processed, resulting in some kind of output (like a computer).

Front 2

Reaction Time

Back 2

(RT) Interval of time between presentation of unanticipated stimulus to beginning of response. Measure of information processing time.

Front 3

Foreperiod

Back 3

Time between warning and stimulus presentation.

Front 4

Movement Time

Back 4

(MT) Time between initiation and completion of movement.

Front 5

Response time

Back 5

Time between signal onset and completion of movement (MT + RT).

Front 6

Fractionated RT

Back 6

Front 7

Types of Reaction times

Back 7

1. Simple RT: 1 stimulus, 1 choice of reaction.

2. Choice RT: more than 1 stimulus, more than 1 choice of reactions.

3. Discrimination RT: many stimuli, but only 1 response to a specific stimulus (only choose one response).

Front 8

Subtractive Method

Back 8

Donders, 1869: Attempted to measure each stage of information processing. Four stages:

1. Stimulus Detection (Detect that the stimulus has occurred)

2. Stimulus Recognition (Recognize what stimulus it is)

3. Response Selection (Select a response)

4. Response Program ( Program the response)

Front 9

Donders' Task A

Back 9

The equivalent to simple reaction time.

S --> Detection --> Response Programming --> R

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Donders' Task B

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The equivalent to choice RT. Two stimuli, two responses.

S --> Stimulus Detection --> Recognition --> Response Selection --> Response Program --> R

Front 11

Donders' Task C

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The equivalent to discrimination RT. Two stimuli, one response.

S --> Stimulus Detection --> Stimulus Recognition --> Response Program --> R

Front 12

Stimulus Identification

Back 12

Sensory Stage: Analysis of environment, Includes stimulus detection &recognition, stimulus representation passed ontoresponse selection stage

Front 13

Response Selection

Back 13

Translates information betweensensory input and movement output. Decides on type of movement, giventhe nature of the environment (i.e. “rough draft” of plan).

Front 14

Response Programming

Back 14

Readies brainstem and spinal cord, retrieves and organizes a motorplan (instruction), directs muscles and parameters(force, order, timing, etc.), All this leads to output – i.e.selected movement

Front 15

Bits of Information

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The amount of information required to reduce uncertainty by half.

Bits = log(2) (N)

Front 16

Hick - Hyman Law

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RT = a + b * Log2(N)

Reaction time = intercept(simple RT) + slope(rate of increase) * bits of information(N-->number of alternatives)

Front 17

SR Compatability

Back 17

The degree of natural or learned correspondence between a stimulus and a response. Low compatibility = increase reaction time due to longer response selection stage.

Front 18

Henry & Rogers Movement Complexity Experiment

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(1960) Henry And Rogers Studies simple RT and movement complexity:

Finger lift RT = 150ms

Finger lift, reach and grasp ball RT = 195ms

Finger lift, hit ball, reversal movement, hit ball RT = 208ms

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Event Predictability

Back 19

Allows performer to anticipate and bias preparation process, completely skipping RS.

Front 20

Factors Affecting Stimulus Identification

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Performer alertness, foreperiod, performer’s attentional focusstimulus intensity

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Factors Affecting Response Selection

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Practice, # S-R Alternatives, S-R Compatibility

Front 22

Factor Affecting Response Programming

Back 22

Movement Complexity, Movement Accuracy