Kins 2230 Lecture 5 Attention Memory

Front 1

Arousal

Back 1

Level of activation / excitement of CNS (body)

Front 2

Anxiety

Back 2

Person's uneasiness or distress about future (worry).

Front 3

Inverted-U Principle

Back 3

As arousal increases from low to high, performance increases to a point then decreases. Moderate level of arousal is considered ideal. Optimal level of arousal is dependant on: performance, skill and the environment.

Front 4

Zones of Optimal Functioning

Back 4

Each learner has an optimal zone of arousal level that produces optimal performance. Zone is specific to task and environment.

Front 5

Catosrophe Model

Back 5

This model says that increases in arousal are good up to a point, but if anxiety also gets too high with arousal, performance drops catastrophically. (Anxiety is the prime determinant of choking (not arousal).

Front 6

Reversal Hypothesis

Back 6

Individual's perception of arousal affects performance.

Front 7

Attention

Back 7

The ability to process environmental information. Attention is limited, the more complex the primary task, the less attention available for the secondary task (multitasking).

Front 8

Parallel Processing vs. Serial Processing

Back 8

Parallel processing = when multiple streams of information are being processed simultaneously.

Serial Processing = when only one process is processed at a time, one after another.

Front 9

Filter/Bottleneck Theories

Back 9

1. Filter to serial in ID stage

2. Filter to serial in RS stage

3.Filter to serial in RP stage

Front 10

Psychological Refractory Period (PRP)

Back 10

This is the delay of responding that occurs when you are presented with two stimuli in rapid succession. hi - ya in class example. Suggests that we can only do one thing at a time (serial processing). Timing of second stimuli must be 30-200ms after the first stimuli. PRP used in sports as a "fake".

Front 11

Evidence Against Filter Theories

Back 11

1. Dichotic Listening: can recognice a different word in each ear

2. Selective Attention: choosing to filter out other noise when at a "cocktail party"

3. Stroop Effect: can recognize two simultaneously presented stimuli (think of the example with the word saying one colour but the actual colour being something else)

Front 12

Capacity Theories

Back 12

These theories state that we only have a limited availability of resources for attention.

1. Central Resource Capacity Theory: There is only one resource bank of attention and it changes with arousal and attention demands of the task.

2. Multiple Resource Capacity Theory: There are many attention mechanisms, and each bank has it's own limited resources.

Front 13

Memory

Back 13

The ability to store and use information in many ways, and with different periods of time (sensory, short term, long term)

Front 14

Sensory Memory

Back 14

Very brief sensory / stimulus info stored. Large capacity storage. The storage is different for audition, vision and tactile.

Front 15

Sensory Capacity

Back 15

Sperling (1960): How much info can the visual system take in during a single fixation? Remember the lab where we had letters shown and we had to recite. Out of 12 letters displayed, we could only remember 4.5. 500ms for vision, 10s for hearing.

Front 16

Short Term Memory

Back 16

Active, working memory. Phonological loop, visual spatial sketchpad. Small capacity, short duration. Requires rehearsal for retention.

Front 17

Visualspatial Sketchpad

Back 17

Stores spatial info and does tasks requiring imagery.

Front 18

Phonological Loop

Back 18

Stores verbal information, holds chunks of info for about 30 seconds without rehearsal.

Front 19

Long Term Memory

Back 19

holds information and experiences, large capacity and duration, very abstract coding, multistore model.

1. LTM

2. Declarative & Procedural

3. Declarative --> Semantic & Episodic