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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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nervous system |
complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from brain and other parts of body |
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what system is the communication network of human body? |
nervous |
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motor control |
study of the understanding of the mechanisms by which the nervous system and muscular systems coordinate body movements |
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motor development |
study of motor performance throughout life span from birth through old age |
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motor learning |
study of the acquisition of basic and advanced movement skills used in everyday activities |
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two divisions of the nervous system |
central- brain and spinal cord peripheral- motor and sensory nerves, receptors |
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neuronal synapse |
the junction between to neurons that allows signal to be passed, chemical more common |
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sensory reception systems |
main sensory info that guides selection and control of movement comes from vision and proprioception |
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proprioception |
info about the movement and orientation of the body and body parts in space via kinesthetic receptors |
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sensory receptor |
a sensory nerve ending that responds to a stimulus in the internal or external environment |
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4 types of sensory receptors |
muscle, tendon, skin, joint |
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spinal cord (3) |
cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers, connects all parts of body to brain. 31 pairs of spinal nerves, responsible for control of reflex movements and maintenance of voluntary movements |
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spinal reflex |
the simplest functional unit of integrated nervous system behavior |
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four things a reflex arc includes |
1. sensory receptor 2. sensory neuron 3. motor neuron 4. effector (produces movement response) |
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what type of reflexes control gait?
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spinal reflexes |
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example of flexion reflex |
touching hot stove |
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areas of the brain that play role in motor control (4) |
-motor cortex -cerebellum -basal ganglia -brain stem |
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motor cortex (3) |
-region in cerebral cortex that helps with planning control and execution of voluntary movement -receives feedback from all areas of bod and sends signals to skeletal muscles -broken up into primary, premotor area, and supplemental motor area |
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cerebellum (3) |
-in back of brain, has two lateral lobes and a central lobe -controls voluntary movements, posture, and balance -uses info from sensory neurons to fine tune body movements |
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basal ganglia (3) |
-large masses of gray brain matter at base of cerebellum -set of interconnected structures in forebrain -helps with movement organization, scale and amplitude of movement, and perceptual motor integration |
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brain stem (2) |
-posterior part of brain connected to spina cord -relay center for info to and from cerebral cortex |
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motor development |
we aren't born with fully developed motor systems, so we rely on reflexive movements at first |
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3 general motor development principles |
-cephalocaudal principle -proximodistal principle -changes in muscle tone |
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development of locomotion |
-shape and proportions of human at birth make mobility hard bc head is bigger, center of mass is high, limbs are short and lots of fat with no muscles |
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4 phases in development of walking |
-crawling -creeping -stance -walking |
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crawling |
infant pulling herself along with stomach on floor |
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creeping |
stomach off ground, moving around on hands and knees |
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stance |
able to pull herself up, holds something for balance at first |
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characteristics of early walking |
short steps, little leg extension, flat footed landing, toes out, wide base of support, arms up in air |
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3 phases of reaching |
-pre reaching up to 4 months -visually guided reaching up to 8 months -visually elicited reaching 9 months and older |
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changes for elderly (3) |
-balance and posture (fall easier, sway, gait pattern change) -walking patterns (lift feet less, walk slower, shorter strides -more complex motor skills (decline generally with age) |
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measures used to assess performance (4) |
-speed -accuracy -magnitude -response latency |
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3 different movement classifications |
1. open vs closed- open is unpredictable and externally paced, like team sports and closed is self paced like archery or bowling 2. discrete vs continuous- discrete have distinct beginning and end like swinging golf club, continuous have no set beginning and end point like swimming 3. fine vs gross movement-fine involves precision and small muscles like using scissors, gross involves many body parts and little precision like hopping |
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learning |
an improvement in performance |
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problems altering learning curve (2) |
-fatigue, causing performance to decline -reactive inhibition, psychological refusal to do work can decrease performance |
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3 stages of learning |
-cognitive stage (basic strategies, high error) first start driving -associative stage (begin to recognize errors, skill refinement) improve parking -autonomous stage (movements become automatic) drive while changing radio station |
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3 classifications of practice schedules
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1. blocked vs random- blocked is when skills are practiced separately each day, like driving and putting; random practices many on same day like shots, drives, puts 2. massed vs. distributed- massed is long practice sessions but fewer, distributed is shorter ones separated by breaks (which works better) 3. whole vs part- whole means you practice the entire task like shooting, part breaks up the components like jumping up and down separate from releasing ball |
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feedback (2) |
-used to improve performance
-internal from receptors, external from your score, videos, or coach |
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information processing model |
situation-->interpretation-->action |
