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202 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Synarthrosis |
Immovable joint connected by a mass of solid connective tissue |
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Fibrous joints have what type of connective tissue? |
Dense irregular connective tissue |
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Amphiarthrosis |
Slightly movable joint connected by either discs of fibrocartilage or interosseous membranes |
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Diarthrosis |
Movable joints that have a lubricated synovial cavity |
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Intrinsic ligaments |
Within the joint itself but outside the synovial cavity |
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Extrinsic ligaments |
Stabilizing ligaments that lie outside the articular capsule |
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What are three examples of fibrous joints? |
Sutures, syndesmoses, and interosseous membranes |
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What kind of joints are sutures? |
Synarthrotic
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Where are syndesmoses found? |
Between proximal and distal ends of long bones |
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What are two types of cartilaginous joints? |
Synchondroses and symphyses |
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What are six components of synovial joints? |
Articular capsule (inner synovial, outer fibrous) Synovial fluid Bursae Articulating cartilage Tendons Ligaments |
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The anterior tibiofibular ligament is what kind of joint? |
Syndesmosis between tibia and fibula at distal tibiofibular joint |
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Alveolar processes are what kind of joint? |
Syndesmosis (gomphosis) between tooth and socket |
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What kind of joint are epiphyseal growth plates? |
Synchondrosis |
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What kind of joint is the finger joint? |
Synovial |
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Sprains |
Ligament trauma |
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Strains |
Muscle trauma |
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Labrum |
Fibrocartilaginous covering of the articular capsule |
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Bursae |
Fluid-filled sacs that help reduce friction |
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Tendon sheaths |
Tubular bursae that wrap around tendons experiencing considerable friction |
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Bursitis |
Inflammation of bursae sac typically in knees or elbows |
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What are the various types of movement at synovial joints? |
Gliding Angular (flexion/extension, lateral flexion, and hyperextension) Abduction/adduction Circumduction Rotation |
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Biaxial |
Movement in two ways |
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Triaxial |
Movement in three or more ways |
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What movement do intercarpals and intertarsals do? |
Gliding (biaxial) |
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Atlanto-occipital joint |
Atlas (C1) with occipital bone |
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Abduction |
Away from midline |
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Adduction |
Back towards midline |
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Circumduction |
Moving the distal end of a body part in a circle |
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Which joint has the most range of motion? |
Shoulder joint |
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What are the various special movements at synovial joints? |
Elevation/depression Protraction/retraction Inversion/eversion Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion Supination/pronation Opposition |
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A sprain is an example of what type of movement? |
Inversion or eversion |
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Dorsiflexion |
Bending of the foot superiorly (towards head) |
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Plantar flexion |
Bending of the foot inferiorly (towards the floor) |
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Opposition |
Touching your thumb to your finger |
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Which joint demonstrates opposition? |
Carpometacarpal joint |
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What are the six type of synovial joints? |
Plane joints Hinge joints Pivot joints Condyloid joints Saddle joints Ball and socket joints |
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What are examples of plane joints? |
Sternoclavicular, vertebrocostal, intercarpal, intertarsal |
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What prevents rotation in plane joints? |
Ligaments |
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What are examples of hinge joints? |
Knee and elbow joints, interphalangeal joint, ankle joint |
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Hinge joints are uniaxial or biaxial? |
Uniaxial |
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What is an example of pivot joints? |
Atlantoaxial joint, radioulnar joint |
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Pivot joints are uniaxial or biaxial? |
Uniaxial |
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Condyloid joints are uniaxial or biaxial? |
Biaxial (flexion/extension and adduction/abduction plus limited circumduction) |
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Saddle joints are uniaxial or biaxial? |
Biaxial (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction plus limited circumduction) |
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Ball and socket joints are biaxial or triaxial? |
Triaxial |
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What is an example of a condyloid joint? |
Radiocarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) |
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What is an example of a saddle joint? |
Carpometacarpal (between trapezium and thumb metacarpal) joint |
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What are two examples of a ball and socket joint? |
Hip and shoulder joint |
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What six factors affect contact/range of motion at synovial joints? |
Structure of the articulating surfaces Strength/tension of joint ligaments Arrangement/tension of muscles Contact of soft parts (ex. fat pads) Hormones Disuse |
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Gout |
Fluid around the joints |
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What is the only moveable joint of the skull? |
Temporomandibular joint |
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What is the shoulder joint formed by? |
Head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula |
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Coracohumeral ligament of shoulder joint |
Broad ligament that strengthens the superior/anterior part of the articular capsule and extends to the greater tubercle of the humerus |
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Glenohumeral ligament of shoulder joint |
Three thickenings of the articular capsule over the anterior surface that extends from the scapula to the lesser tubercle of the humerus |
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Transverse humeral ligament of shoulder joint |
Narrow sheet extending from the greater tubercle to the lesser tubercle of the humerus |
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The coracoacromial ligament provides what? |
Superior support of capsule (shoulder joint) |
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The coracoclavicular ligament adds what? |
Medial motion to the acromioclavicular joint |
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Acromioclavicular ligament |
Extends scapula to acromial end of the clavicle |
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Glenoid labrum of shoulder joint |
Narrow ring of fibrocartilage around the edge of the glenoid cavity that slightly deepens/enlarges it |
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What is the elbow joint formed by? |
The humeral trochlea and capitulum, the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the head of the radius |
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The anular aka radioanular ligament goes from ______ |
Proximal head of radius to the ulna |
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Ulnar collateral ligament goes from ______ |
Medial epicondyle of the humerus to coronoid process/olecranon of the ulna (very strong)
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Radial collateral ligament goes from ______ |
Lateral epicondyle of the humerus to anular ligament and the radial notch of the ulna |
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What is the hip joint formed by? |
Head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip |
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What are the three articulations of the wrist? |
Distal radioulnar, radiocarpal and intercarpal |
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Flexor retinaculum |
Thick membrane that goes around the wrist |
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Extensor retinaculum |
Thick membrane that goes around the wrist |
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Does supinating the hand use the flexor or extensor retinaculum? |
Flexor |
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Does pronating the hand use the flexor or extensor retinaculum? |
Extensor |
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Are the flexors of your arm anterior or posterior? |
Anterior |
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Are the extensors of your arm anterior or posterior? |
Posterior
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Are the flexors of your leg anterior or posterior? |
Posterior |
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Are the extensors of your leg anterior or posterior? |
Anterior |
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What are the four articulations of the hand? |
Carpometacarpal, intercarpal, metocarpalphalangeal, and interphalangeal joint |
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The pubofemoral ligament goes from ______ |
Pubic region of acetabulum to the neck of the femur |
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The iliofemoral ligament goes from _____ |
AIIS to intertrochanteric line of the femur |
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What forms the knee joint? |
Femoral/tibial condyles and the patella |
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The more mobile joints are, the ____ stable they are |
Less |
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Ligament |
Dense irregular connective tissue that binds one bone to another bone |
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Interosseous membrane |
Sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that binds neighboring long bones and permits slight movement |
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Where are interosseous membranes found? |
Between radius and ulna, tibia and fibula |
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Cartilaginous joint |
Solid connective tissue that allows little to no movement |
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Articular capsule |
Surrounds a synovial joint, encloses the synovial cavity, and unites the articulating bones |
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What are the two layers of articular capsules? |
Outer fibrous membrane (dense irregular connective tissue that attaches to the periosteum of articulating bones) Inner synovial membrane lining (areolar connective tissue that covers all internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage) |
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At many joints, the synovial membrane includes accumulations of what? |
Adipose tissue (articular fat pads) |
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Synovial fluid |
Hyaluronic acid (secreted by synovial cells in the membrane) and interstitial fluid filtered from blood plasma |
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What is the function of synovial fluid? |
Lubrication, shock absorption, nourishment of chondrocytes |
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What is an example of an extrinsic accessory ligament? |
Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of the knee joint |
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Articular discs |
Fibrocartilage structures of synovial joints that divide the synovial cavity into two smaller cavities |
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Menisci |
Incomplete fibrocartilage discs that partially divide the synovial joint |
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Gliding |
Nearly flat bone surfaces moving from side to side/back and forth with respect to one another |
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What are the four angular movements? |
Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and hyperextension |
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What are some examples of flexion? |
Bending head toward chest Bending trunk forward Swinging arms forward while walking Bending elbow Moving palm toward forearm Clenching fingers to make a fist Moving femur forward Moving heel toward buttock |
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Lateral flexion |
Movement of the trunk sideways to the R/L at the waist...occurs along frontal plane |
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Lateral flexion involves which joints? |
Intervertebral joints |
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What are some examples of hyperextension? |
Bending head backward Backbend Moving humerus backward Moving palm backward at wrist Moving femur backward |
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What are some examples of abduction? |
Moving humerus laterally Moving palm laterally at wrist joint Moving femur laterally at hip joint |
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Rotation |
Bone revolving around its own longitudinal axis |
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What are examples of rotation? |
Turning head from side to side Turning trunk from side to side while keeping hips/lower limbs in anatomical position |
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Elevation |
Superior movement of a body part (ex. closing the mouth at the TMJ, shrugging shoulders) |
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Depression |
Inferior movement of a body part (ex. opening mouth to depress the mandible, returning shrugged shoulders to anatomical position) |
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Protraction |
Movement of a body part anteriorly in the transverse plane (ex. thrusting mandible at TMJ outward) |
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Retraction |
Movement of a protracted body part back to the anatomical position |
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Inversion |
Movement of the sole medially at the intertarsal joints |
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Eversion |
Movement of the sole laterally at the intertarsal joints
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Plane joints |
Gliding joint |
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Hinge joints |
Convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone |
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Pivot joints |
Rounded/pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament |
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Condyloid joints |
Oval, convex projection of one bone fits into the depression of another bone |
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TMJ |
Combined hinge and plane joint formed by the condylar process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa/articular tubercle of the temporal bone |
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What are the five anatomical components of the TMJ? |
Articular disc Articular capsule Lateral ligament Sphenomandibular ligament Stylomandibular ligament |
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Lateral ligament of the TMJ |
Two short bands on the lateral surface of the articular capsule Extend inferiorly/posteriorly from the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to the lateral/posterior aspect of the neck of the ligament |
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Sphenomandibular ligament of the TMJ |
Thin band that extends inferiorly/anteriorly from the spine of the sphenoid bone to the ramus of the mandible |
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Stylomandibular ligament of the TMJ |
Thickened band that extends from the styloid process of the temporal bone to the inferior/posterior border of the ramus of the mandible |
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What movements does the mandible do in regards to the TMJ? |
Depression Elevation (inferior) Protraction Retraction Lateral displacement Slight rotation (superior) |
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What are the six anatomical components of the shoulder joint? |
Articular capsule Coracohumeral ligament Glenohumeral ligament Transverse humeral ligament Glenoid labrum Bursae (subscapular, subdeltoid, subacromial, subcoracoid) |
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What is the function of the transverse humeral ligament of the shoulder? |
Holds the long head of the biceps brachii muscle/tendon in the intertubercular groove |
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What are the possible movements of the shoulder joint? |
Flexion Extension Hyperextension Abduction Adduction Medial rotation Lateral rotation Circumduction |
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What are the four anatomical components of the elbow joint? |
Articular capsule Ulnar collateral ligament Radial collateral ligament Anular ligament of the radius |
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What movement does the elbow joint perform? |
Flexion and extension of the forearm |
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What are the seven anatomical components of the hip joint? |
Articular capsule Iliofemoral ligament Pubofemoral ligament Ischiofemoral ligament Ligament of the head of the femur Acetabular labrum Transverse ligament of the acetabulum |
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Articular capsule of the hip joint |
Extends from the rim of the acetabulum to the neck of the femur (circular/longitudinal fibers) |
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Ischiofemoral ligament |
Thickened portion of articular capsule that extends from the ischial region of the acetabulum to the neck of the femur |
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Ligament of the head of the femur |
Flat, triangular band that extends from the fossa of the acetabulum to the fovea capitis of the femur |
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Acetabular labrum |
Fibrocartilage rim attached to the margin of the acetabulum that depends the socket of the acetabulum |
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Transverse ligament of the acetabulum |
Strong ligament that crosses over the acetabular notch and connects with the ligament of the head of the femur and the articular capsule |
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What is the function of the transverse ligament of the acetabulum? |
Supports part of the acetabular labrum |
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What movement does the hip joint allow for? |
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Lateral rotation Medial rotation of thigh Circumduction of the thigh |
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Why is the knee joint unique? |
Actually consists of three joints within a single synovial cavity (medial/lateral tibiofemoral joint, patellofemoral joint) |
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What are the three joints of the knee joint? |
Tibiofemoral joint (lateral) Tibiofemoral joint (medial) Patellofemoral joint (intermediate) |
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Tibiofemoral joint (lateral) |
Between the lateral condyle of the femur, lateral meniscus, and lateral condyle of the tibia |
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Tibiofemoral joint (medial)
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Between the medial condyle of the femur, medial meniscus, and medial condyle of the tibia |
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Patellofemoral joint |
Between the patella and the patellar surface of the femur |
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What are the ten components of the knee joint? |
Articular capsule Medial/lateral patellar retinacula Patellar ligament Oblique popliteal ligament Arcuate popliteal ligamnet Tibial collateral ligament Fibular collateral ligament Intracapsular ligament Articular discs Bursae |
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Medial/lateral patellar retinacula |
Fused tendons of the quadriceps femoris muscle and the fascia lata that strengthen the anterior surface of the knee joint |
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Patellar ligament |
Continuation of the common tendon of insertion of the quadriceps femoris muscle that extends from the patella to the tibial tuberosity |
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Oblique popliteal ligament |
Broad, flat ligament that extends from the lateral condyle of the femur to the head/medial condyle of the tibia |
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Arcuate popliteal ligament |
Extends from the lateral condyle of the femur to the head of the fibula |
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Tibial collateral ligament |
Broad, flat ligament on the medial surface of the knee joint that extends from the medial condyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia |
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Fibular collateral ligament |
Strong, rounded ligament on the lateral surface of the knee joint that extends from the lateral condyle of the femur to the lateral head of the fibula |
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Intracapsular ligament |
Connects the tibia and femur |
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What are the two ligaments within the articular capsule of the intracapsular ligament? |
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) |
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Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
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Extends from the anterior tibia to the lateral condyle of the femur |
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What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)? |
Limits hyperextension of the knee and prevents the anterior sliding of the tibia on the femur |
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Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) |
Extends from lateral intercondylar area of the tibia to medial condyle of the femur |
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What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)? |
Prevents the posterior sliding of the tibia when the knee is flexed |
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Articular discs of the knee joint |
Two fibrocartilaginous discs between the tibial and femoral condyles that circulate synovial fluid and help compensate for the irregular shapes of the bone |
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What are the two components of the articular discs of the knee joints? |
Medial and lateral meniscus |
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Medial meniscus |
Anterior end is attached to the intercondylar fossa of the tibia Posterior end is attached between the PCL and lateral meniscus |
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Lateral meniscus |
Anterior end is attached to the ACL (laterally/posteriorly) Posterior end is attached to the intercondylar eminence of the tibia |
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What are the anterior surfaces of the medial and lateral menisci connected by? |
Transverse ligament of the knee |
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What connects the anterior surfaces of the medial and lateral menisci to the margins of the head of the tibia? |
Coronary ligaments |
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What are the three bursae of the knee joints? |
Prepatellar bursa Infrapatellar bursa Suprapatellar bursa |
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Prepatellar bursa |
Between the patella and skin |
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Infrapatellar bursa |
Between the superior part of the tibia and the patellar ligament |
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Suprapatellar bursa |
Between the inferior part of the femur and the deep surface of the quadriceps femoris |
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What movement does the knee joint allow for? |
Flexion Extension Slight medial rotation Slight lateral rotation of leg |
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What forms the ankle joint? |
Distal medial malleolus of the tibia and lateral malleolus of the fibula with the talus |
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What are the three anatomical components of the ankle joint? |
Articular capsule Deltoid ligament Lateral ligament |
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Articular capsule of the ankle joint is attached superiorly to the ____ and inferiorly to the ____ |
Tibia/fibula, talus |
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Deltoid ligament |
Strong, flat, triangular ligament that extends from the medial malleolus to the tarsus |
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The deltoid ligament is divisible into what two parts? |
Superficial and deep |
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Lateral ligament of the ankle |
Extends from the lateral malleolus to the talus and calcaneus |
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Which is stronger: deltoid or lateral ligament of the ankle? |
Deltoid ligament |
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What movement does the ankle joint allow for? |
Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion |
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Both menisci play a role in what? |
Locking of the knee |
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The oblique popliteal ligament provides what kind of support to the knee? |
Posterior |
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The ACL provides what kind of support to the knee?
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Posterior |
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What is Lochman's test related to? |
ACL If tibia can slide up over femur, you have an obliterated ACL |
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Are the ACL or PCL tendons? |
NO |
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What is related to jumper's knee? |
Patellar ligament |
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Unhappy triad |
ACL, tibial collateral ligament, and medial meniscus |
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What is the most injured joint?
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Ankle |
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Which has greater distance between articulating surfaces: sutures or syndesmoses? |
Syndesmoses |
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What kind of tissue composes syndesmoses? |
Dense irregular connective tissue |
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Articular cartilage
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Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers all articulating bone surfaces in a synovial joint |
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What are the three functions of articulating cartilage?
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Reduces friction Acts as a spongy cushion to absorb compression Prevents damage to the articulating ends of bone |
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Tendons |
Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone |
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Which is the simplest of synovial joints?
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Plane joints |
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Which is the least mobile type of diarthrosis? |
Plane joints |
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Are plane joints uniaxial, biaxial or triaxial?
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Uniaxial |
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The glenohumeral joint is what kind of joint? |
Ball and socket |
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What is the function of the glenohumeral ligament? |
Strengthen the shoulder joint when the humerus is moving
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What is the function of the acromioclavicular ligament? |
Restricts the moment of the acromioclavicular joint |
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How many bursae are in the shoulder? What are they? |
Four--subscapular, subdeltoid, subacromial, subcoracoid |
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What is the movement of the acromioclavicular joint?
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Gliding of the scapula on the clavicle |
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What are the movements of the sternoclavicular joint?
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Elevation, depression, and circumduction |
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What are the four muscles of the rotator cuff? |
Subscapularis Infraspinatus Teras minor Supraspinatus |
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What are the seven articulations in the wrist? |
Radioulnar (ulnar head and ulnar notch) Radiocarpal (radius and scaphoid, lunate and trisquetrum) Intercarpal (between carpals) Palmar radiocarpal (anterior radius and carpals) Dorsal radiocarpal (posterior radius and carpals) Extensor retinaculum (posterior bands of fascia) Flexor retinaculus (anterior bands of fascia) |
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What are the three articulations in the hand? |
Carpometacarpal (carpals with metacarpals) Metacarpophalangeal (between metacarpals with phalanges) Interphalangeal (between phalanges) |
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What movement does the iliofemoral ligament prevent? |
Hyperextension |
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Which is the largest and most complex joint?
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Knee joint |
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What are the three functions of the menisci? |
Partial stabilization of joint Cushioning between articulating surfaces Conforms to articulating surfaces as femur moves |
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What is the function of the patellar ligament? |
Strengthens the anterior side of the knee |
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The ACL is attached to which meniscus? |
Medial |
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The tibial collateral ligament is attached to which meniscus? |
Medial |
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What are the four articulations in the ankle and foot? |
Intertarsal (between tarsals) Tarsometatarsal (between tarsals and metatarsals) Metatarsophalangeal (between metatarsals and phalanges) Interphalangeal (between phalanges) |
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What kind of cartilage do synchondroses have? |
Hyaline |
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What kind of cartilage do symphyses have? |
End--hyaline Connecting--fibrocartilage |
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What does the pubofemoral ligament do? |
Prevents over-abduction of the femur |
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Zona orbicularis |
Circular fibers of the articular capsule of the hip joint |
