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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Orthopedics |
Study of bones |
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How many bones make up the adult skeleton? |
206 |
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Axial skeleton |
Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage...down a longitudinal axis |
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Appendicular skeleton |
Upper and lower limbs attached to girdles |
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How many cranial bones are there? |
8 |
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How many facial bones are there? |
14 |
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The roof of the skull is composed of which bones? |
Parietal, frontal, and occipital |
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The base of the skull is composed of which bones? |
Occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, and temporal |
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The frontal bone forms which three things? |
Superior/anterior parts of the skull Part of the anterior cranial fossa Orbit |
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The parietal bones forms what? |
Most of the lateral and superior walls of the skull |
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Each parietal bone is bordered by __ sutures |
4 |
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The temporal bones forms what two things? |
Inferior lateral part of the cranial floor Part of the lateral wall near the ear |
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Petrous/external auditory meatus Part of what bone? |
Temporal surface feature Protects sensory structures of the inner ear |
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Mastoid process Part of what bone? |
Temporal surface feature Attachment site of some neck muscles to extend/rotate the head...protuberance behind ear |
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Zygomatic process Part of what bone? |
Temporal surface feature Articulates with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone to form the zygomatic arch |
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Zygomatic arch Part of what bone? |
Temporal surface feature
Formed from the zygmomatic process and the temporal process |
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Mandibular fossa Part of what bone? |
Temporal surface feature Depression that joints the processes of the mandible |
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The occipital bone forms what two things? |
Posterior wall and floor of the skull including most posterior cranial fossa Base of the skull |
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Foramen magnum Part of what bone? |
Occipital surface feature Large circular opening that helps form the base of the skull...where the spinal cord enters |
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Which is the largest foramen in the body? |
Foramen magnum |
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Inferior/superior nuchal lines Part of what bone? |
Occipital surface feature Used for attachment of the neck ligaments/muscles...think bald guy with fat folds on neck |
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Occipital condyles Part of what bone? |
Occipital surface feature Articulate with the atlas (C1) |
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Ligamentum nuchae Part of what bone? |
Occipital surface feature Elastic ligament with muscles that extends from the external occipital protuberance to C7...supports the head |
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Sphenoid bone
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Articulates with many cranial/facial bones...complex shape resembling a bat
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Which bone articulates with almost every other bone in the skull? |
Sphenoid bone |
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Medial sphenoid bone |
Thick body that contains the sphenoid sinuses |
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Lateral sphenoid bone |
Forms the greater/lesser wings Helps form part of the orbit |
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Sella turcica Part of what bone? |
Sphenoid surface feature Depression on superior part of sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland |
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Pterygoid process Part of what bone? |
Sphenoid surface feature Vertical projections that begin at the boundary between the greater/lesser wings...provides the attachment surface for muscles that move the lower jaw and soft palate |
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The ethmoid bone forms which four things? |
Anteriomedial floor of the cranium Roof of the nasal cavity Part of the medial wall of each orbit Part of the nasal septum (perpendicular plate) |
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Where is the ethmoid bone positioned in the skull? |
Between the orbits |
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Cribiform plate Part of what bone? |
Ethmoid surface feature Forms the floor of the cranium |
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Crista galli Part of what bone? |
Ethmoid surface feature Thin elevation on superior surface...point of attachment for the falx cerebri |
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Falx cerebri |
Tough membranous sheet that separates the L and R hemispheres and helps support the brain |
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Perpendicular plate Part of what bone? |
Ethmoid surface feature Inferior, midline projection...forms the superior part of the nasal septum |
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Superior/middle nasal concha/turbinate Part of what bone? |
Ethmoid surface feature
Filter/warm the air we breathe...gives our voice its resonance |
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Coronal suture |
Articulation between the anterior front bone and the more posterior parietal...unites the frontal and parietal bones |
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Lambdoid suture |
Articulation between the parietal and occipital bones...extends like an arc across the posterior surface |
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Sagittal suture |
Articulation between L and R parietal bones...midline of cranium |
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Squamous suture |
Articulation between the temporal bone and the parietal bone on that side |
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Zygomatic bones (2) |
Forms the cheek and lateral part of the orbit
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Lacrimal bones (2) |
Depression that continues into the maxilla...forms the medial wall of the orbit |
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Vomer |
Forms the inferior/posterior parts of the nasal septum with the perpendicular plate...unpaired bone |
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Inferior nasal conchae |
Curved bone that protects the lateral walls of the nasal cavity...help to swirl/filter air before it passes into the lungs |
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Palatine bones |
Forms the posterior part of the hard palate, the small part of the nasal cavity, and orbit wall |
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The maxillae bones forms what five things? |
Anterior portion of the face
Upper jaw Parts of the hard palate Inferior parts of the orbit Parts of the nasal cavity |
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Mandible |
Forms the lower jaw |
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Most of the bones of the skull are comprised of what type of bones? |
Flat bones
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External surfaces of parietal bones are concave/convex? |
Convex (rounded) |
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Orbits are formed by __ facial bones and __ cranial bones |
4, 3 |
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What are the three unique features of the skull? |
Sutures Paranasal sinuses Fontanels |
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Paranasal sinuses
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Cavities within frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones that lighten the skull's mass and play a role in voice resonance |
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Suture |
An immovable joint in adults |
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Cranial fossae |
Three distinct regions of the cranium that correspond to the major contours of the inferior surface of the brain |
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Do fontanels grow or shrink as aging occurs? |
Shrinks to form sutures |
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What may bone loss of mandible and maxilla cause? |
Tooth loss in older adults |
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What is the hyoid bone attached to? |
Nothing |
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Scoliosis |
Lateral curvature of the spine |
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Kyphosis |
Curvature of the thoracic region of the spine |
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Lordosis |
Excessive pushing forward of the lumbar spine |
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Spina bifida |
Tail of spine (between L1-L4) coming out of vertebral column at birth |
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What three things do vertebrae typically consist of? |
Vertebral body Vertebral arch Processes |
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Long spinous processes are indicative of _______ |
Thoracic vertebrae |
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How many cervical vertebrae are there? |
7 |
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What are the five surface features of cervical vertebrae? |
Atlas Axis Bifid (C3-7) Vertebral foramina Transverse foramen |
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Atlas |
C1 Lacks a vertebral body Articulates with the head to allow you to nod your head "yes" |
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Cervical vertebrae have ___ spinous processes |
Very short
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The dens is specific to which vertebra? |
Axis |
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Atlantoaxial joint |
Atlas and dens of axis articulating together to allow you to nod your head "no" |
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The body of thoracic vertebrae articulate with __________ |
The heads of the ribs |
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Which vertebrae looks like a crown? |
Lumbar vertebrae |
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Which vertebrae lack facets? |
Lumbar because they don't articulate with the ribs |
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How many thoracic vertebrae are there? |
12 |
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How many lumbar vertebrae are there? |
5 |
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Posterior crest Part of what bone? |
Sacral surface feature Fused spinal processes of S1-5 |
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Sacral ala Part of what bone? |
Sacral surface feature Fused transverse processes of sacrum |
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Sacral hiatus |
End of sacral canal |
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How many sacral vertebrae are there? |
5 (fused) |
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How many coccygeal vertebrae are there? |
4 (fused) |
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True ribs |
1-7...directly articulate with the sternum |
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False ribs |
8-10...cartilage helps bring them up to articulate with sternum |
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Floating ribs |
11-12...do not attach anywhere on the sternum |
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What are the seven surface features of the ribs? |
Costal cartilage True ribs False ribs Floating ribs Heads Facets Body |
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Vertebrosternal aka ______ |
True ribs |
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Vertebrochondral aka _______ |
False ribs |
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Which vertebrae have more facets on them? |
Thoracic...that's how they articulate with the ribs |
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Hyoid bone |
Slender, curved bone located inferior to the skull between the mandible and the larynx |
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How many adult vertebrae are there? |
26 |
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Vertebral body |
Anterior, rounded region that is the weight-bearing structure of almost all vertebrae |
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Vertebral foramen |
Forms the vertebral canal when vertebrae are stacked on one another...contains spinal cord |
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The vertebral arch and body enclose what? |
Vertebral foramen |
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The vertebral arch is composed of __ pedicles and __ laminae |
2, 2 |
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Spinous process Part of what bone? |
Vertebral surface feature Posterior projections from the left and right laminae of vertebrae |
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Transverse processes Part of what bone? |
Vertebral surface feature Lateral projects on both sides of the vertebral arch |
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Articular processes Part of what bone? |
Vertebral surface feature Projections on superior/inferior surfaces of vertebrae from the junction between the pedicles and the laminae |
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Which is the smallest vertebrae? |
Cervical |
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Which is the largest vertebrae? |
Lumbar |
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Transverse foramina are only present on which vertebrae? |
Cervical |
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Apex of sacrum |
Narrow, pointed portion that projects inferiorly |
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Medial sacral crest |
Fusion of spinous processes of vertebrae |
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Lateral sacral crest |
Fusion of transverse processes of vertebrae |
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Posterior thoracic cage |
Thoracic vertebrae |
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Lateral thoracic cage |
Ribs |
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Anterior thoracic cage |
Sternum |
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Manubrium Part of what bone? |
Sternal surface feature Widest and most superior portion of the sternum |
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Suprasternal notch |
Shallow indention between the two clavicular notches of the sternum |
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Sternal angle |
Articulation between body and manubrium of sternum |
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Xiphoid process Part of what bone? |
Sternal surface feature Inferior tip of the body of the sternum |
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What is the function of the xiphoid process? |
Muscle attachment |
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Angle of rib |
Site where the tubular shaft begins curving anteriorly toward the sternum |
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Costal groove Part of what bone? |
Rib surface feature Prominence along the angle of the rib's internal border that marks the path of nerves/blood vessels |
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The end of the rib typically articulates with the ____________ |
Vertebral head/capitulum |
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What are the articular surfaces of the head of the ribs divided into? |
Superior and inferior facets |
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What divides the superior and inferior facets of the ribs? |
Interarticular crest |
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Tubercle Part of what bone? |
Rib surface feature
Articulates with thoracic transverse process costal facet |
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Neck of the ribs |
Lies between the head and the tubercle |
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Costal cartilage |
Separate cartilaginous connections between true ribs and the sternum |
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The lacrimal bones: a) are the smallest bones of the face b) form the lateral walls of the orbits c) form the bridge of the nose d) house the lacrimal glands that produce tears e) are superior and lateral to the ethmoid bone |
a) are the smallest bones of the face |
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The palatine bones: a) form the soft palate b) form the anterior portion of the hard palate c) form the medial wall of the nasal cavity d) form the posterior portion of the hard palate e) are involved in the sense of smell |
d) form the posterior portion of the hard palate |
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The inferior nasal conchae: a) are part of the ethmoid bone b) help swirl, warm, and filter air as it enters the nasal cavity c) form part of the medial wall of the nasal cavity d) are part of the nasal septum e) are involved in the sense of taste |
b) help swirl, warm, and filter air as it enters the nasal cavity |
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The mandible: a) is the largest bone of the skull b) is the only bone of the skull, other than the ossicles, that moves c) includes the coronoid and condylar processes d) includes the mental foramina e) all of these are correct |
e) all of these are correct |
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The nasal septum: a) is composed entirely of bone b) includes the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone c) is considered deviated if it is aligned medially with the midline of the nose d) a and b e) a, b and c |
b) includes the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone |
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Which of the following bones does NOT contribute to the orbit? a) zygomatic b) sphenoid c) occipital d) ethmoid e) frontal |
Occipital |
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The foramina of the skull: a) allow passage of blood vessels though bones b) allow passage of nerves through bones c) may exhibit some phenotypic variation, e.g. supraorbital foramen vs. supraorbital notch d) are associated with specific bones, e.g. the foramen magnum in the occipital bone e) all of the above are correct |
e) all of the above are correct |
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A suture: a) may be movable in an adult but not in a young child b) uniting the frontal and parietal bones is the lambdoid suture c) is a joint between bones of the skull d) uniting the occipital and parietal bones is the coronal suture e) uniting the temporal and parietal bones is the metopic suture |
c) is a joint between bones of the skull |
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Paranasal sinuses: a) are elevated areas on craniofacial bones b) are "vestigial" structures with no known function c) are found on the mandible, temporal bone and zygomatic bone d) are lined with mucous membranes e) are not associated with any clinical problems |
d) are lined with mucous membranes |
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All of the following are true of fontanels EXCEPT: a) they are present between bones of the skull at birth b) they facilitate passage of the baby through the birth canal c) they allow for brain growth after birth d) they are commonly called soft spots e) they are composed of cartilage |
e) they are composed of cartilage |
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The hyoid bone: a) does not articulate directly with any other bone b) is located with the space bordered by the mandibular body c) is connected to the mastoid process by ligaments and muscles d) serves as an anchor for posterior neck muscles e) consists of a bat-shaped body with extensions called wings |
a) does not articulate directly with any other bone |
