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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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One pot approach |
Abused and neglected Status offenses Delinquents |
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Delinquent |
A youth who commits an act that would be a crime were it would be committed by an adult
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Who is a juvenile |
Maltreated Juvenile offenders: Delinquents, status offenders |
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Retributive justice |
Seeks revenge |
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Restorative justice |
Focuses on repairing the harm done to the victims and to the community |
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Measuring the number of juvenile victimizations and offenses |
Official data Victimization survey Self report |
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Offical data
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Data gathered by the government agencies within the justice system |
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Victimization survey |
Each household is interviewed twice a year. Survey enables BJS to estimate likelihood of crimes |
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Self report
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Juveniles personally reveal information about their violation of the law |
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Centralized states |
Characterized by a state executive agency having control across the board |
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Decentralized states |
Characterized at minimum, local services |
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Combination states |
Have a mix of state-controlled and local operations |
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Three components of the juvenile justice system |
Law enforcement Courts Corrections |
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Conservative approach to delinquency |
Getting tough on kids |
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Liberal approach to delinquency |
Heavy treatment oriented |
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What factors influence DMC (Disproportionate Minority Contact) |
Poverty Neighborhoods Attitude Mental health Respecting authority |
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Strategies for addressing DMC |
Arrests Diversion Confinement Transfer to criminal court |
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Corporal punishment |
Inflicting bodily harm |
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Two major developments in England |
Bridewll-prision Poor laws |
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Major events during the Puritan period |
Indenture and apprenticeship Poor houses Private orphanages Public facilities for dependent children Jails |
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Major events during Refuge period |
Houses of refuge Reform schools Foster homes The child savers |
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Decriminalization |
Reduce the number of legal rules |
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Due process |
Extend constitutions protection |
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Diversion |
Minimize court experience |
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Deinstitution |
Remove correctional programs of confinement |
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Kent vs. US |
Due process before transferred to adult court |
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In re Gault |
Must have basic constitutional rights |
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In re Winship |
Proof beyond reasonable doubt |
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McKeiver vs. Pennsylvania |
Jury trials not always needed |
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Breed vs. Jones |
Waiver to adult court following adjudication |
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Martarella vs. Kelley |
If juveniles judged to be in need of supervision are not provided adequate treatment, their deprived rights |
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Schall vs. Martin |
Young man held in jail till trial because of no other supervision |
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Two parts to Theory |
Concepts/Variables Proposition/Hypothesis |
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Three levels to explain delinquency |
Individual- Genes, IQ Micro- Family, Friends Macro- Politics |
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Purpose of the law |
Regulate human behavior Protect interest of society |
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Consensus theory |
Individuals within a society agree on basic values what is right and wrong |
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Conflict theory |
Suggests that the laws are established to keep dominant class in power |
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The classical world view |
Individuals act on free will |
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the positivist world view |
Product of the environment |
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Rational choice theory |
Holds that crime and delinquency are the result of a thought process |
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Bsocial perspective |
Crime and delinquency holds that propensity for criminal behavior is heritable and interacts with the enviornment |
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Differential association |
Criminal behavior is learned in interactions with other persons in a process of communication |
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Social disorganization theory |
Can control over their environment |
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Functionalism theory |
Understands aspects of society such as laws as a consensus: an agreed upon-called collective conscious |
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Strain theory |
Emphasizes goals of society, but difficult to attain them |
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Radial concept |
Involves a complex interaction of family, school, community, *family is most important |
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Sensorimotor |
Illogical motor stage |
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Preoperational |
Symbolic but logical |
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Concrete |
Organized logical reasoning |
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Formal |
Abstract thinking |
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Kohlberg stages |
Pre-Conventional Conventional Post-Conventional |
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Child maltreatment |
An act by a parent that results in harm |
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Child neglect |
When a parent does not provide for the basic emotional and physical needs of the child on an ongoing basis |
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Three components of child abuse and neglect laws |
Criminal definitions and penalties A mandate to report suspected cases A civil process for removing child |
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Three primary risk factors for child abuse |
Domestic violence Poverty Individual temperamental factors |
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Vicarious strain |
Strains experienced by others around the individual |
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Anticipated strain |
Expectations the current strain will continue into future or new strains will be expected |
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Missing benign |
Whereabouts are unknown to parents |
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Missing involuntary |
Child trying to get home but can't because their lost |
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Runaway/throwaway |
Child leaves home without permission/child is asked to leave by parent |
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Non family abduction |
Nonfamily perpetrator takes a child by physical force |
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Stereotypical kidnapping |
A stranger or slight acquaintance abducts child |
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Family abduction |
Violation of custody order member has failed to return the child |
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Two federal agencies with concurrent jurisdiction |
Administration for children: Social welfare Justice department: Missing children present to law enforcement |
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Lessons from self reports |
1) Most juveniles will not engage in delinquent activity. 2) Juveniles who commit delinquent act often commits the act once. 3) Property crimes will account got most delinquent activity. 4) Violent crimes will account for a smaller percentage of delinquent activity. |
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Trajectory one |
Life-course persistent antisocial behavior: has its roots early in life |
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Trajectory two |
Adolescence-limited antisocial behavior: characterized by discontinuity over time and across situations-offending is limited to adolescent years |
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Two reasons juveniles engage in sexual deviance |
Curiosity, experimentation |
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Juvenile justice professional view |
Punished as a criminal |
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Public health view |
Youths are victims of social forces and need to be treated |
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Marginalization |
The sense that an individual or specific group feels inferior to mainstream society |
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What are the goals of SRO programs |
Prevent delinquency Enhancing community relations |
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Detention hearing |
Held within a period defined by state statue, to determine whether detention is required |
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Role and purpose of the intake officer |
Decides whether a case should move ahead for court processing |
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Risk principle |
Predicts the likelihood of recidivism. |
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Need principle |
Interventions should map out dynamic needs |
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Responsively principle |
Individuals respond differently to services, provide appropriate treatment |
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Desistance |
A permanent state of non-offending |
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Corrective prevention |
Focusing on eliminating conditions that lead to or cause criminal behavior |
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Punitive prevention |
Relies on the threat of punishment to forestall criminal acts |
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Mechanical prevention |
"Target hardening" making it difficult or impossible to commit particular offenses; locks on doors, bars on windows |
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Primary prevention |
Level 1: given to entire population whether or not there are signs, evidence, and or conditions of disorders/distress |
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Secondary prevention |
Level 2: Population who show early signs of disorder but wants to stop it before it surfaces |
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Tertiary prevention |
Level 3: Population who have a disorder where the goal is to lessen the impact of the disorder |
