Juvenile Delinquency Final Exam

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co-offenders

Back 1

friends or acquaintances who participate in delinquency with another peer

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enhancement model

Back 2

the idea that adolescents who are already involved in delinquency are most apt to join a gang (selection) but, after joining, their delinquency is likely to increase significantly (facilitation)

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esprit de corps

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a sense of solidarity and awareness of being a distinct group

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facilitation model

Back 4

a "kind of group" explanation that suggests the normative structure of a gang, along with group processes and dynamics, increase delinquency among youth

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Gang Reduction Program

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an initiative within the federal Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention that includes a framework for coordinating a wide range of activities that have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing gang activity and delinquency

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Homeboy Industries

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a los angelos based program that educates, trains, and finds jobs for at-risk youths and gang members

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homophily

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"love of the same"; the process by which people select to associate with those persons who are most similar to them

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injunction (abatement)

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a civil process in which gang members are prohibited from engaging in mundane activities, such as loitering at schools or hanging out on street corners; if they violate these mandates, they face arrest

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klikas

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age cohorts within hispanic gangs

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member-based definition

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defining a crime as "gang related" when a gang member or members are either the peretrators or the victims, regardless of the motive

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motive-based definition

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defining a crime as "gang related" when it is committed by a gang member or members, and the underlying reason for the crime is to further the interests and activities of the gang

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peer group

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a group of youths of similar ages and interests

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peer rejection

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the rejection of a child perceived to be antisocial by conventional peers

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selection model

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a "kind of person" explanation of gang initiation that argues adolescents with a strong propensity for delinquency seek out gangs

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suppression

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a police response to gang activity that includes selective surveillance, arrest, and prosecution of gang members

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turf

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a gang's sense of territoriality

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youth gang

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a group of youths who are willing to use deadly violence to claim and protect territory, to attack rival gangs, or to engage in criminal activity

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adjudication

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the stage in the juvenile justice system that parallels prosecution and trial in adult criminal courts

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adjudication hearing

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a hearing to determine whether a juvenile committed the offense of which he or she is accused

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aftercare

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the release and subsequent community supervision of an individual from a correctional facility, intended to ensure a more positive and effective transition back into the community

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bail

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money or a cash bond deposited with the court or bail bondsman allowing the person to be released on the assurance he or she will appear in court at the proper time

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Breed v. Jones

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U.S. supreme court decision that a criminal prosecution ofa child following a juvenile court hearing constitutes double jeopardy

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demand waiver

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process by which a juvenile may request to have his or her case transferred to criminal court

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detention

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the temporary custody and care of juvveniles pending adjudication, disposition, or implementation of disposition

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disposition hearing

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a hearing to determine the most appropriate placement of a juvenile adjudicated to be delinquent

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diversion

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the early suspension or termination of the official processing of a juvenile in favor of an informal or unofficial alternative

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double jeopardy

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rule that forbids criminal prosecution of a juvenile after he or she ahs been tried in juvenile court for the same offsense

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electronic monitoring

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an active or passive computer-based tracking system in which electronic signals are used to verify that the youth is where he or she is supposed to be

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exclusionary rule

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rule stating that illegally obtained evidence may not be admissible in a criminal prosecution or in a juvenile court adjudication hearing

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home confinement

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the intensive supervision and monitoring of an offending youth within his or her home environment

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in re gault

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case in which the u.s. supreme court held that juveniles could not be denied basic due process rights rights in juvenile hearings

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in re winship

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u.s. supreme court ruling that, in delinquency cases, juveniles should be convicted only if proof of their guilt beyond a resonable doubt exists

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intake

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the initial screening process in the juvenile court to determine whether a case should be processed further

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intensive aftercare program (IAP)

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equivalent to intensive parole supervision; a monitoring approach used to provide greater supervision of youths after their release from official institutions

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judicial waiver

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most common waiver procedure for transferring youths to criminal court, in which the judge is the primary decision maker

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kent v. U.S.

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u.s. supreme court decision requiring a formal waiver hearing before transfer of a juvenile to criminal court

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mckeiver v. pennsylvania

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u.s. supreme court decision that juveniles do not have a constitutional right to a jury trial in juvenile court

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petition

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similar to an indictment; a written statement setting forth the specific charge that a delinquent act has been committed or that a child is dependent or neglected or needs supervision

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police discretion

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the authority of police to choose one course of action over another

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probation

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the conditional freedom granted by the court to an alleged or adjudicated offender, who must adhere to certain conditions and is generally supervised by a probation officer

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prosecutorial waiver

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process in which the prosecutor determines whether a charge against a juvenile should be filed in criminal or juvenile court

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reverse waiver

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process in which a juvenile contests a statutory exclusion or presecutorial transfer

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roper v. simmons

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U.S. supreme court decision that the death penalty for anyone who was younger than age 18 at the time of his or her crime is unconstitutional

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schall v. martin

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u.s. supreme court decision authorizing the preventive detention of juveniles who are identified as "serious risks" to the community if released

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statutory exclusion

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process established by statute that excludes certain juveniles, because of either age or offense, from juvenile court jurisdiction; charges are initially filed in criminal court

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waiver of jurisdiction

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a legal process to transfer a juvenile from juvenile to criminal court

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wraparound programs

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programs designed to build positive relationships and support networks between youths and their families, teachers, and community agencies through coordination of services

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yarborough v. alvarado

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u.s. supreme court ruling that police do not need to factor in the age and inexperience of a suspect in their decision about whether to read a juvenile his or her miranda rights if the youth is not believed to be "in custody"