Introduction To Psychology: Exam 1

Front 1

In the 1800's, French biologist Pierre Flourens and Surgeon Paul Broca conducted research that demonstrated a connection between

Back 1

The Mind and the Brain

Front 2

What was the subject of the famous experiment conducted by Hermann von Helmholtz?

Back 2

Reaction Time

Front 3

Wilhelm Wundt is credited with

Back 3

The founding of psychology as a scientific discipline

Front 4

Wundt and his students sought to analyze the basic elements that constituted the mind, an approach called

Back 4

Structuralism

Front 5

William James and ________ Helped establish functionalism as a major school of psychology thought in North America

Back 5

G. Stanley Hall

Front 6

The functional approach to psychology was inspired by

Back 6

Darwin's "On the origin of species by means of Natural Selection"

Front 7

To understand human behavior, French physicians Jean-Martin Charcot and Pierre Janet studied people

Back 7

With psychological disorders

Front 8

Building on the work of Charcot and Janet, Sigmund Freud developed

Back 8

Psychoanalytical Theory

Front 9

Behaviorism involves the study of

Back 9

Observable actions and responses

Front 10

The experiment od Ivan Pavlov and John Watson centered on

Back 10

Stimulus and response

Front 11

Who developed the concept of reinforcement

Back 11

B.F. Skinner

Front 12

The study of mental processes such as perception and memory is called

Back 12

Cognitive Psychology

Front 13

The use of scanning techniques to observe the brain in action and to see which parts are involved in which operations helped the development of

Back 13

Cognitive Neuroscience

Front 14

Central to evolutionary psychology is the ____ function that minds and brains serve

Back 14

Adaptive

Front 15

Social psychology most differs from other psychological approaches in its emphasis on

Back 15

Human interaction

Front 16

The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation is

Back 16

Empericism

Front 17

Which of the following is the best definition of a hypothesis?

Back 17

A falsifiable prediction

Front 18

The methods of psychological investigations take _____ into account because when people know they are being studied, they don't always behave as they otherwise would.

Back 18

Reactivity

Front 19

When a measure produces the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing, it is said to have

Back 19

reliability

Front 20

Aspects of an observational setting that causes people to behave as they think they should are called

Back 20

Demand Characteristics

Front 21

In a double-blind observation

Back 21

The purpose is hidden from both the observer and the person being observed

Front 22

Which of the following describes the average value of all the measurements in a particular distribution?

Back 22

Mean

Front 23

What does a correlation coefficient show

Back 23

The direction and strength of a correlation

Front 24

When two variables are correlated, what keeps us from concluding that one is the cause and the other is the effect?

Back 24

The possibility of a third-variable correlation

Front 25

A researcher administers a questionnaire concerning attitudes towards global warming to people of both genders and of all ages who live all across the country. The dependent variable in the study is the _____ of the participants

Back 25

Attitudes towards global warming

Front 26

The characteristic of an experiment that allows conclusions about causal relationships to be drawn is called

Back 26

Internal Validity

Front 27

An experiment that operationally defines variables in a realistic way is said to be

Back 27

externally valid

Front 28

What are psychologists ethically required to do when reporting research results?

Back 28

1. Report findings truthfully
2. Share credit for research
3. Make data available for further research

Front 29

What is not a function of a neuron?

Back 29

Nutritional Provision

Front 30

Signals from the neurons are received and relayed to the cell body by

Back 30

Dendrites

Front 31

Sifnals are transmitted from one neuron to another

Back 31

Across a synapse

Front 32

Which type of neuron receives information from the external world and conveys this information to the brain via the spinal cord?

Back 32

Sensory neuron

Front 33

An electric signal that is conducted along the length of a neurons axon to the synapse is called

Back 33

an action potential

Front 34

The chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron's dendrites are called

Back 34

Neurotransmitters

Front 35

The __________ automatically controls the organs of the body

Back 35

Autonomic nervous system

Front 36

Which part of the hindbrain coordinated fine motor skills?

Back 36

The cerebellum

Front 37

What part of the brain is involved in movement and arousal?

Back 37

The midbrain

Front 38

The ______ regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior

Back 38

Hypothalamus

Front 39

What explains the apparent beneficial effects of cardiovascular exercise on aspects of brain function and cognitive performance?

Back 39

Neuron Plasticity

Front 40

During the course of embryonic brain growth, the ______ undergoes the greatest development

Back 40

Cerebral cortex

Front 41

The first true CNS appeared in

Back 41

Flatworms

Front 42

Genes set the ________ in populations within a given environment

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Range of variation

Front 43

Identifying the brain areas that are involved in specific types of motor, cognitive, or emotional processing is best achieved through

Back 43

Brain imaging

Front 44

Sensation involves _____, while perception involves ________.

Back 44

Stimulation, interpretation

Front 45

What process converts physical signals from the environment into neural signals carried by sensory neurons into the CNS

Back 45

Transduction

Front 46

The smallest intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus is called

Back 46

Absolute threshold

Front 47

The world of light outside the body is linked to the world of vision inside the CNS by the

Back 47

Retina

Front 48

Light striking the retina, causing a specific pattern of response in the three cone types, leads to our ability to see

Back 48

Colors

Front 49

In which part of the brain is primary visual cortex. where encoded information is systematically mapped into a representation of the visual scene

Back 49

Area V1

Front 50

Out ability to visually combine details so that we perceive unified objects is explained by

Back 50

Feature integration theory

Front 51

The idea that specialized brain areas represent particular classes of objects is

Back 51

The modular view

Front 52

The principle of ____________ holds that even as sensory signals change, perception remains consistent

Back 52

Perceptual constancy

Front 53

Image-based and parts-based theories both involve the problem of

Back 53

Object identification

Front 54

What kind of cues are relative size and linear perspective

Back 54

Monocular

Front 55

What does the frequency of a sound wave determine

Back 55

Pitch

Front 56

The placement of our ears on opposite sides of the head is crucial to our ability to

Back 56

Localie sound sources

Front 57

The location and type of pain we experience is indicated by signals sent to

Back 57

the somatosensory cortex

Front 58

What best explains why smells can have immediate and powerful effects

Back 58

The involvement in smell of brain centers for emotions and memories