Intro To Social Work Exam 1

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The National Association of Social Workers gives the following definition of social welfare as an institution:

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A nation's system of programs, benefits, and services that helps people meet those social, economic, educational, and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of society

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examples of social welfare:

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foster care, adoption, day care, head starts probation and parole, protective services, financial assistance programs for low-income parents and their children, services to the homeless, public health nursing, sex therapy, suicide counseling, recreational services such as Boy Scouts and YWCA programs, services to minority groups, services to veterans, school social services, medical and legal services to the poor, family planning services, Meals on Wheels, nursing-home services, shelters for battered spouses, protective services for child abuse and neglect, assertiveness-training programs, encounter groups and sensitivity training, public housing projects, family counseling, Alcoholics Anonymous, runaway services, services to people with a developmental disability, and rehabilitation services

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Social Welfare Institution

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the highest aggregate level to which the term social welfare institution is applied includes all of the social programs and organizations in a country that are designed to prevent, alleviate, or contribute to the solution of recognized social problems. Ex: prisons

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human services

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includes services such as library services law enforcement, housing-code enforcement, consumer protection, and fire prevention and firefighting that are not usually considered social welfare services.
It encompasses social welfare programs but is not limited to just social welfare programs.

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residual view

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holds that social welfare services should be provided only when an individual's needs are not properly met through other societal institutions, primarily the family and the market economy. It has been characterized as "charity for unfortunates."
Associated with this view is the belief that the causes of clients' difficulties are rooted in their own malfunctioning.

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institutional view

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social welfare programs are to be "accepted as a proper, legitimate function of modern industrial society in helping individuals achieve self-fulfillment."
Associated with this view is the belief that an individual's difficulties are due to causes largely beyond his or her control.

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The Elizabethan Poor Laws:

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The social problem that these poor laws were designed to alleviate was conceptualized not as poverty but rather as the ruling class’s annoyance with begging.
The fundamental provisions of this Poor Law were incorporated into the laws of the American colonies and have had an important influence on our current approaches to public assistance and other social legislation.

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The able-bodied poor:
(As defined by the Elizabethan Poor Laws)

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this group was given low grade employment, and citizens were prohibited from offering them financial help. Anyone who refused to work was placed in stocks or in jail.

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The impotent poor:
(As defined by the Elizabethan Poor Laws)

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this group was composed of people unable to work - the elderly, the blind, the deaf, mothers with young children, and those with a physical or mental disability.

They were usually placed together in an almshouse (institution). If the impotent poor had a place to live and if it appeared less expensive to maintain them there, they were permitted to live outside the almshouse, where they were granted "outdoor relief," usually "in kind" (food, clothing, fuel)

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Dependent children
(As defined by the Elizabethan Poor Laws)

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children whose parents or grandparents were unable to support them were apprenticed out to other citizens

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Social Security Act

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in 1935 the Social Security Act was passed which forms the basis of most of our current public welfare programs

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Social Insurance:

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this category was set up with an institutional orientation and provided insurance for unemployment, retirement, or death. It has two main programs:
a. Unemployment Compensation, which provides weekly benefits for a limited time to workers who lose their jobs
b. Old Age, Survivors, Disability, and Health Insurance, which provides monthly payments to individuals and their families when a worker retires, becomes disabled, or dies. (Social Security)

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Public Assistance Programs:

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To receive aid in this category, an individual must undergo a "means test" in which one's assets and expenses are reviewed to determine if there is financial need.
This program incorporated several features of the English Poor Laws. Residence requirements and a means test, some of the aid was "in kind" (such as food), and the benefits were viewed as "charity" rather than aid to which recipients were entitled.
Ex: ADFC changed to TANF (temporary assistance to needy families)

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19th Amendment to the Constitution

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it took more than 70 years, until 1920, to pass the 19th amendment to the constitution, which gave the vote to women

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hermaphrodite

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a person who is born with both male and female sexual characteristics but is labeled either a male or a female at birth and then related to according to the gender on the birth certificate

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National Organization for Women (NOW):

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Betty Frieden and others formed NOW in 1966. Today NOW is the largest women's rights group in the country and an influential political force.
NOW and other women's groups have been working to end sexual discrimination, to achieve sexual equality, to end sexual double standards, and to improve the self-identity of women.

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Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

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In 1972 the ERA received congressional approval but required ratification by three-fourths (38) of the states to become the 27th Amendment to the Constitution. The ERA stated: "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex."
Time ran out on the ERA in 1982 when, after 10 years of extensive political action, it narrowly failed to gain the support of enough states to be ratified.

Opponents argued that passage of the ERA would mean that women could be drafted into the armed forces, would lose preferential treatment in divorce actions, and would become equally liable for alimony, child support, and spouse support. They argued that "maternity leaves" would have to be made available to husbands who want to stay home with a newborn child.

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The federal Equal Pay Act of 1963

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requires equal pay for equal work.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964

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outlaws discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex, or religion

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The Equal Credit Act of 1974

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bars discrimination on the basis of marital status or gender in credit transactions

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What constitutes sexual harassment?

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Abusive and unfavorable treatment or sex discrimination of a person because of his or her gender. Such treatment typically includes making lewd gestures and prepositions, touching someone who does not want to be touched or seeking to exchange sexual favors for employment opportunities.

Sexual harassment includes consenting sexual relationships between faculty and adult students

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Sex-role socialization

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In the U.S., sex-role socialization starts shortly after birth. Teachers pay less attention to girls than boys. Textbooks in preschool, elementary, junior high, and high school portray female characters as more passive and dependent and less creative than males

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The Feminist Perspective on Therapy has identified nine principles of feminist intervention, one states that clients need to

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Clients need to value other women and to develop social support systems with them. In a society that devalues women, it is all too easy for some females to view other females as insignificant. With social support systems, women can vent their concerns and share their experiences and the solutions they’ve found to similar problems. They can serve as brokers in identifying resources and they can provide emotional support and nurturance to one another.

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Assertive behavior:

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expressing yourself without hurting or stepping on others.
Assertiveness training is designed to help us realize, feel, and act on the assumption that we have the right to be ourselves and to express our feelings freely.

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Androgyny:

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Androgynous people explore a broad range of role-playing possibilities and express emotions and behaviors without regard to sex-role stereotypes. The androgyny notion is gaining strength.

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Eating disorders:
- Anorexia
- Bulimia
- Compulsive overeating

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Anorexia: Anorexics exhibit a drive for perfection and pursuit of thinness. These individuals refuse to maintain a normal body weight for their height. Their weight places them below 85% of their ideal weight range. They display an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat. Body distortion is associated with the affected individual's denial of being underweight.

Bulimia: Considered more common than anorexia, these individuals strive to prevent weight gain or lose weight through binge/purge behaviors.

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3 steps to becoming labeled mentally ill:

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1. the person displays unwanted emotions (such as depression) or some strange, deviant behaviors
2. the emotions or behaviors are not tolerated by family or local community, and as a result, the person is referred for an evaluation to a mental health professional
3. the mental health professional, usually a psychiatrist, happens to believe in the medical model and assigns a mental-illness label

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psychotropic drugs:

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psychotropic drugs include tranquilizers, antipsychotic drugs (such as Thorazine), and antidepressants.
Psychotropic drugs do not "cure" emotional problems but are useful in reducing high levels of anxiety, depression, and tension.

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Key guidelines in counseling clients:

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1. Establish a working relationship
2. Explore the client's concerns in depth
3. Explore alternative solutions to the concerns with the client (in doing this, please first ask the client what he or she has tried, and what he or she is thinking of trying)

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Individualism and its relation to divorce:

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Another contributing factor to the increasing divorce rate is the growth of individualism.
Individualism involves the belief that people should seek to actualize themselves, to be happy, to develop their interests and capacities to the fullest, and to fulfill their own needs and desires. The interests of the individual take precedence over those of the family.

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Child Abuse and Neglect:

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includes:
- physical abuse
- malnourishment; poor clothing; lack of proper shelter, sleeping arrangements, attendance, or supervision
- denial of essential medical care
- failure to attend school regularly
- exploitation, overwork
- exposure to unwholesome or demoralizing circumstances
- sexual abuse
- somewhat less frequently, the definitions include emotional abuse and neglect involving denial of the normal experiences that permit a child to feel loved, wanted, secure, and worthy

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Consequence of abused children:

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When abused children become parents, there is a high probability they will become abusive parents. Theoretically, abuse generates an unusually high degree of hostility, which, in future years, may be channeled into violence.

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factors associated with child neglect:

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- The preponderance of families comes from the lower socioeconomic classes. Financial deprivation is a major contributing factor.
- a high percentage (60%) are one-parent families, generally headed by a female
- neglectful parents frequently have an atypically large number of children
- a fair number of neglectful mothers are below normal in intellectual capacity
- neglectful parents are physically and emotionally exhausted, have health problems, are socially withdrawn or isolated, are frustrated, apathetic, and lack hope
- neglectful parents tend to have been emotionally deprived during their early childhood years. They lacked stable affectional relationships when they were young.
- neglectful parents are not without intrapsychic distress but are generally less emotionally disturbed than abusive parents. Similar to abusive parents, they tend to be socially isolated

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parens patriae

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Under the concept of parens patriae, the state is ultimately a parent to all children. When the natural parents neglect, abuse, or exploit a child, the state has the legal right and responsibility to intervene.

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Why women don't report rape:

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The women spend hours agonizing over what they thought they had done to bring on the attack or what they could have done to fight off the attacker.