Intro To Programming: Module B

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Binary operators

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operators that have only two operands, one on each side of the operator

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Boolean

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a data type whose only permitted value is true or false

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Boolean: C reserved word

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bool

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Boolean: size

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normally thought of as a one-byte unsigned integer

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Boolean: normal signage

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only positive values

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Compiler

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system software that converts a source program file into an object code file; normally associated with high level languages

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Control structures

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The mechanisms that allow us to control the flow of execution during a program (so that different lines of code are executed or that some lines of code are executed many times)

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Counting loop

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using a repetition structure to accomplish a task a given number of times (for example, if we want something done 5 times we count from 1 to 5 and therefore do it exactly 5 times)

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Defined constant

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a constant that uses a textual substitution method controlled by the pre-processor to the compiler (uses the #define header)

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Executable code

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the code created by linking various object code pieces

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Generic function

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A function designed to be used in many programs. Usually performs a very specific task. The functions are usually organized into a Standard Library or a User Defined Library.

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Header file

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A file reference that is included in a program (usually at the top). The compiler will expand (or include) the contents of the referenced file into the source code of the program. Header files contain the prototypes for standard functions in its library.

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If then else

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- uses a Boolean expression to control which lines are executed.
- selection category of control structures

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Infinite loop

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A repetition (also known as a loop) that when coded by the programmer did not provide for a way to exit the structure. A bad thing.

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Linker

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System software (or program) for connecting (i.e. linking) several object code pieces. It creates the executable machine code.

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Literal constant

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An unnamed constant coded as part of an expression. A value you type into your program wherever it is needed.

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Loader

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System software for loading executable code into memory and then starting the execution of the code (i.e. running it).

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Lvalue

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An attribute that indicates that the operand is modifiable (i.e. usually a variable).

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Memory constant

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A constant that has a specific storage space in memory.
Example:
const double PI = 3.14159;

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Object code

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The resultant code piece produced by the compiler.

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Parameter passing

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The method of communicating between modules. They pass value(s) from the calling function into the called function. Additionally they can pass value(s) from the called function back to the calling function.

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Pretest

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An attribute of repetition structures. Literally the expression that controls the loop is tested before the action part of the loop is executed. Thus it is possible that the action part of the loop will never be executed. Within C, for and while loops are pretest loops.

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How a pretest loop works

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initialize --> test --> action --> update

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Prototype

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A declaration to the compiler establishing the type of communication used by a function. It allows the compiler to make sure that the calling of the function is being done correctly without knowing its definition.

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Repetition

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One of the categories of control structures that allows some code to be executed (or repeated) several times. Also known as looping.

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Selection

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One of the categories of control structure that chooses (i.e. selects) between two or more alternatives.

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Sequence

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One of the categories of control structures that executes lines of code in the sequence listed.

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Sequence operator

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An operator used to separate things. Also called a comma operator.

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Source code

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The file that contains program statements before they are converted into machine language; the input file to an assembler or compiler.

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Standard library

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Many common or standard functions, whose definitions have been written, are ready to be used in any program. They are organized into groups of functions (think of them as several books) and these groups (or books) are collectively called a Standard Library. There are several standard libraries of functions.

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String

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An array data type that is a sequence (string them along) of character data.

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Test before loop

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A repetition structure that tests the controlling expression before doing the action part of the loop. Within "C" programming, while and for structures are test before loops. See pretest loops.

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Testing shell

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A program used for developing a generic function. The sole purpose of the shell is to provide test data and call the function to check if it is working properly.

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Trinary operator

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An operator that has two operator symbols that separate three operands.

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Unary

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Describes an operator that has only one operand; all are on the left side of the operand except the postfix increment and postfix decrement.

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Unary minus

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An operator that has the effect of taking the value (either a constant or the value that is stored in the variable) and negating it (i.e. multiplying it by -1). Note: if the operand is a variable, it does not change the value of the variable.

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Variable

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A memory storage object that can have its value changed during the execution of the program.

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Void

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A data type used in "C" to represent an absence of data.

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While

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One of the repetition category of control structures. Uses a Boolean expression to control how many times it will execute the lines of code that are the action part. Note: the action part may never execute.