Intro To Counseling Final Exam 174

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Cognitive restructuring:

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Cognitive restructuring refers to any methods which help people to think differently about a situation, event, thought, or belief. In a broad sense, this could apply to anything done in (or outside of) a therapy session which promotes cognitive change. In a narrower sense, therapists deliberately use a range of therapeutic approaches designed to promote cognitive restructuring:

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a cognitive-behavioral therapy technique used to identify and correct negative thinking patterns. The technique involves altering negative automatic thoughts that occur in anxiety-provoking situations (such as "They think I’m boring") by replacing them with more rational beliefs (such as "I can't read other people's minds; they are probably just tired"). As thoughts are challenged and disputed, their ability to elicit anxiety is weakened.

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Cognitive restructuring

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a therapeutic technique based on the work of B.F. Skinner, a famous psychologist who is known as the “Father of Behaviorism.” Skinner developed a theory of operant conditioning, which states that all behavior is governed by reinforcing and punishing stimuli. Behavior modification uses a scheduled approach that rewards desired behavior and “punishes” undesirable behavior.

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Behavior modification

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In __________ theory, all behavior is defined as being externally controlled by aspects of the environment. In this sense, both inside and outside of our body constitutes an environment. For example, behaviorists believe that if a person sees a lion and runs away, he is not running because he is “scared.” Instead, he is running because those that did not run in the past died, and therefore the urge to run is a result of the survival of those that ran and lived to pass on their genes.

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Behavior modification:

In addition, the subjective feeling of being “scared” is considered a flight or fight reflex, not an emotion. The heart races and adrenaline increases as the central nervous system reacts to the “environment” of the body. Therefore, anything a person does, from snoring to talking, can be target for behavior modification

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Emphasizes strengths and resiliencies of people by focusing on exceptions to their problems and their conceptualize solutions.

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Solution focused brief therapy

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how does solution focused brief therapy differ from traditional therapies?

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by eschewing the past in favor of both the present and the future. Therapists focus on what is possible, and they have little or no interest in gaining an understanding of how the problem emerged.

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Solution focused therapy:

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Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) is goal oriented, targeting the desired outcome of therapy as a solution rather than focusing on the symptoms or issues that brought someone to therapy.

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what types of questions are used in solution focused therapy?

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Exception questions

miracle question

scaling questions

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exception questions:

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SFBT is based on the notion that there were times in a clients life when the problems they identify were not problematic. These times are called exceptions and represent news of different. Solution focused therapists asked exception questions to direct clients to times when the problem did not exist, or when the problem was not as intense. Exceptions are those past experiences in a client's life when it would be reasonable to have expected the problem to occur, but somehow it did not

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the miracle question

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therapy goals are developed by using what DeShazer calls the miracle question which is a main SFBT technique. The therapist asks, " if a miracle happened in the problem you have with solved overnight, how would you know it was solved, and what would be different?" Clients are then encouraged to enact " what would be different" in spite of perceived problems.

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The miracle question

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asking clients to consider that a miracle takes place opens up a range of future possibilities. Clients are encouraged to allow themselves to dream as a way of identifying the kinds of changes they most want to see. This question has a future focused in that clients can begin to consider a different kind of life that is not dominated by particular problem. This intervention shift the emphasis from both past and current problems towards a more satisfying life in the future.

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Scaling questions

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solution focused therapist also use scaling questions when changing human experiences are not easily observed, such as feelings, moods, or communication, and to assist clients in noticing that they are not completely defeated by their problem.

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Scaling questions example

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a woman reporting feelings of panic or anxiety might be asked:" on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being how you felt when you 1st came to therapy and 10 being how you feel the day after your miracle occurs and your problem is gone, how would you rate your anxiety right now?" Even if the client has only moved away from 0 to 1, she has improved. How did she do that? What does she need to do to move another number up the scale? Scaling questions enable clients to pay closer attention to what they're doing and how they can take steps that will lead to the changes they desire.

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Solution focused techniques

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some of the key techniques that solution focused practitioners are likely to employ include looking for differences in doing, exception questions, scaling questions, and the miracle question. If these techniques are used in a routine way without developing a collaborative working alliance, they will not lead to effective results.

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Solution focused techniques continued

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solution focused techniques should be used flexibly and tailored to the unique circumstances of each client. Therapy is best guided by the client's goals, perceptions, resources, and feedback. Therapy should not be determined by any absolutes or rigid standards outside the therapeutic relationship (namely, evidence–based treatments).

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solution focused therapy techniques

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pretherapy change

exception questions

the miracle question

scaling questions

formula first session task

therapist feedback to client's

terminating

application to group counseling

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solution focused therapist concentrate on _____,______,________ changes that can lead to additional positive outcomes. Because success tends to build upon itself, modest goals are viewed as the beginning of change. Solution focused practitioners join with the language of their clients, using similar words, pacing, and tone.

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Small, realistic, achievable changes

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pre-therapy change

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simply scheduling an appointment often sets positive change in motion. During the initial therapy session, it is common for solution focused therapist asked, " what have you done since you called for the appointment that has made a difference in your problem?" By asking about such changes, the therapist can elicit, evoke, and amplify what clients have already done by way of making positive change.

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Formula first session task

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is a form of homework a therapist might give clients to complete between their 1st and 2nd sessions. The therapist might say: " between now and the next time we meet, I would like you to observe, so that you can describe to me next time, what happens in your life that you want to continue to have happen.

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Therapist feedback to client's

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solution focused practitioners generally take a break of 5 to 10 min. toward the end of each session to compose a summary message for clients.

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terminating

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from the very 1st solution focused interview, the therapist is mindful of working toward termination. Once clients are able to construct a satisfactory solution, the therapeutic relationship can be terminated.

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Application to group counseling

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the solution focus group practitioner believes that people are competent, and that given a climate where they can experience their competency, they are able to solve their own problems, enabling them to live a richer life.

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Narrative therapy

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Narrative therapy is a form of psychotherapy that seeks to help people identify their values and the skills and knowledge they have to live these values, so they can effectively confront whatever problems they face.

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________ ________ seeks to be a respectful, non-blaming approach to counselling and community work, which centres people as the experts in their own lives. It views problems as separate from people and assumes people have many skills, competencies, beliefs, values, commitments and abilities that will assist them to reduce the influence of problems in their lives.

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Narrative Therapy

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why is narrative therapy effective with diverse client populations?

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Narrative therapy is grounded in a socio-cultural context, which makes this approach is especially relevant for counseling culturally diverse clients. Narrative therapists operate on the premise that problems are identified within social, cultural, political, and relational contexts rather than existing within individuals. They are very much concerned with considering the specifications of gender, ethnic city, race, disability, sexual orientation, social class, and spirituality and religion as therapeutic issues.

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Systems perspective

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The family systems theory is a theory introduced by Dr. Murray Bowen that suggests that individuals cannot be understood in isolation from one another, but rather as a part of their family, as the family is an emotional unit.