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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does translation take place?
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On the ribosomes.
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Where is mRNA processed?
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In the nucleus.
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What are the monomers of DNA and RNA?
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nucleotides
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Which carbon is the phosphate group in DNA or RNA attached to?
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5' carbon
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What are the two types of nucleotide bases?
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Purines and pyrimidines
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What do you call a nucleotide without a phosphate group?
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A nucleoside.
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Which base groups are Purines?
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Adenine and Guanine
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Which Base groups are Pyrimidines?
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Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
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What kind of bonds link nucleotides?
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3' 5' phosphodiester bonds; phosphate attached to 5' of sugar bonds to 3' of next sugar.
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In what order are nucleotide sequences written?
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always 5' --> 3'
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B-DNA
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normal, right-handed helix
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A-DNA
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right-handed helix, but shorter and thicker
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Z-DNA
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left handed helix
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positive supercoiling
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extra twisting in the direction of the helix
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negative supercoiling
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extra twisting in the direction opposite of the helix
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What enzymes can relax supercoiling?
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topoisomerases
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What is the mechanism used by Type I topoisomerase?
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Single strand breaks
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mechanism used by Type II topoisomerase?
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Double stand breaks
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What prokaryotic enzyme can both relax as well as induce coiling?
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gyrase, needs ATP to coil but not to relax
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components of Chromatin
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DNA and proteins
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proteins in nucleosomes
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histones
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components of a nucleosome
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8 histones + 146 base pairs
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how are histones charged?
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positively
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DNA Packing ratio in nucleosomes
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~7
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DNA Packing ratio in 30 nm chromatin fiber
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~42
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DNA Packing ratio in euchromatin
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~750
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DNA Packing ratio in heterochromatin and when dividing
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15000-20000
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heterochromatin
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highly compacted DNA, dark spots, reactivity inhibited
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euchromatin
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loosely packed, more reactive
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What are the 9 classes of proteins?
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1. Enzymes
2. Structural Proteins 3. motility proteins 4. Regulatory proteins 5. transport proteins 6. hormonal proteins 7. receptor proteins 8. Defensive proteins 9. storage proteins |
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What is the function of Enzymes?
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selective catalysis
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What is the function of Structural proteins?
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support of cellular structures
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What is the function of Motility proteins?
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movement of cells and cell parts
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What is the function of regulatory proteins?
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regulation of cellular function
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What is the function of transport proteins?
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transport of substances into, out of, and within cells
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What is the function of hormonal proteins?
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communication between distant parts of an organism
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What is the function of receptor proteins?
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response of cell to chemical stimuli
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What is the function of defensive proteins?
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protection against disease
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What is the function of storage proteins?
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storage and release of amino acids
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how many amino acids are typically present in a cell?
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more than 60
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how many amino acids are used by a cell?
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20
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Which isomeric form of amino acids are used?
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only the L-form present in proteins
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what are the 3 classes of amino acids?
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* non-polar (9)
* polar, uncharged (6) * polar, charged (3) 2 acidic (-), 3 basic (+) |
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In what order are polypeptides written?
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from N-terminus to C-terminus
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5 classes of bonds in proteins?
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* disulfide
* hydrogen * ionic * van der waals * hydrophobic interactions |
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what kind of proteins have extensive secondary structure?
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fibrous proteins
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motif
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a predictable arrangement of secondary structures
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domain
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a functional portion of a protein
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repeating subunit of starch and glycogen
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alpha-D-glucose, forms alpha 1-4 junctions
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repeating subunit of cellulose
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beta-D-glucose, beta 1-4 bonds
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cox-1
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cyclooxygenase-1 dimer, prevents you from digesting yourself, inhibited by aspirin
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kinks in phospholipids
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cis-bonded unsaturated fatty acids
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Research article title:
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Focal adhesion signaling and actin stress fibers are dispensable for progression through the ongoing cell cycle.
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Article title translated:
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cellular messaging systems and cellular proteins are not necessary for cell to divide.
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Abbe equation
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r = (0.61*lambda)/(n*sin alpha)
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What does DIC microscopy use for contrast?
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polarized light
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what do antibodies stick to?
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antigens
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confocal fluorescence microscopy
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light focused to a pinpoint and rapidly scanned across entire plane
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fats
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triglycerides
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steroids
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all have 4 linked carbon rings
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HDL
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high density lipid = good cholesterol
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GFP
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Green Fluorescent Protein, allows people to choose when and where something becomes fluorescent!
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Phalloidin
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neurotoxin from mushrooms, binds to actin, fluorescently tagged
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quantum dots
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engineered fluorophores
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Ebola virus
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breaks down membrane
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5 functions of membranes!
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1. Define the boundaries of the cell and its organelles
2. Serve as loci for specific proteins, especially enzymes and receptors. 3. Provide for and regulate transport processes 4. Contain the receptors needed to detect external signals 5. Provide mechanisms for cell-to-cell contact, communication, and adhesion |
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What kind of detergent must be used for immunoprecipitation?
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a non-ionic detergent
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Why do phospholipid heads show up on electron microscopy?
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They are polar, and therefore the metals used stick to them readily
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What is the most common structure in the transmembrane protein?
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alpha helix
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Why is the alpha helix well suited for passing through membranes?
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It is arranged so that all it's R-groups point outwards, putting its hydrophylic "backbone" in the center of the helix.
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What are the 2 functions of alpha helices in membranes?
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1. To hold itself in the membrane
2. Assemble into tertiary structures |
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What is the basis of membrane structure?
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A lipid bilayer
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what are the functions of cholesterol in membranes?
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To both stabilize the membrane and to increase fluidity
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How are cholesterols held in membranes?
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Hydrogen bonds to the =O of fatty acids on phospholipids.
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What are the classes of Membrane Proteins?
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1. integral monotopic protein
2. single-pass protein 3. multipass protein 4. multi-subunit protein 5. peripheral membrane protein 6. lipid-anchored protein |
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What are the two types of lipid-anchored proteins?
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* fatty acid or prenyl anchor
* GPI anchor: attached to an entire phospholipid |
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motif
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a predictable arrangement of secondary structures
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domain
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a functional portion of a protein
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repeating subunit of starch and glycogen
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alpha-D-glucose, forms alpha 1-4 junctions
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repeating subunit of cellulose
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beta-D-glucose, beta 1-4 bonds
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cox-1
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cyclooxygenase-1 dimer, prevents you from digesting yourself, inhibited by aspirin
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kinks in phospholipids
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cis-bonded unsaturated fatty acids
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Research article title:
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Focal adhesion signaling and actin stress fibers are dispensable for progression through the ongoing cell cycle.
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Article title translated:
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cellular messaging systems and cellular proteins are not necessary for cell to divide.
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Abbe equation
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r = (0.61*lambda)/(n*sin alpha)
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What does DIC microscopy use for contrast?
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polarized light
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what do antibodies stick to?
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antigens
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confocal fluorescence microscopy
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light focused to a pinpoint and rapidly scanned across entire plane
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fats
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triglycerides
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steroids
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all have 4 linked carbon rings
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HDL
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high density lipid = good cholesterol
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