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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a technique for identifying proteins and other molecules found within a cell by using antibodies raised against these components.
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Immunocytochemistry
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synthesis of DNA by process of ...
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replication
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synthesis of RNA by process of ...
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transcription
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synthesis of polypeptide by process of ...
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translation
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where does transcription occur?
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nucleus
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where does translation occur?
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cytoplasm
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5' capping, RNA splicing, 3' polyadenylation, and packaging of mRNA for transport all occur where in the cell?
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nucleus
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What are the 5 components that are necessary for transcription?
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-template DNA
-Ribonucleotide triphosphates -DNA-dependent RNA polymerase -Trans-acting factors -Euchromatin (eukaryotes) |
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What is this?
-Does not require primer for initiation or synthesis -energy derived from cleavage of pyrophosphate group-formation of phosphodiester bonds -do not directly recognize their promoters. Need help from trans-acting factors. |
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
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What is this?
-proteins that bind to regulatory sequences (cis-acting elements) to control gene expression |
trans-acting factor
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what gives the ability to access genes for transcription?
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euchromatin
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What are the 3 main differences between DNA and RNA?
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1) sugar - RNA is ribose, DNA is deoxyribose
2) RNA uses Uracil, DNA uses Thymine 3) RNA is double stranded and DNA is single stranded |
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The prokaryotic transcription unit is called what?
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operon
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what specifies amino acid sequence of protein?
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Messenger RNA
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What RNA is involved with splicing?
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Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
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what are the 4 types of RNA?
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) small nuclear RNA (snRNA) |
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which RNA is the most abundant? 75%
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rRNA
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In prokaryotes, what provides promoter recognition and specificity?
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sigma factor
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... is a DNA sequence that recruits DNA-binding proteins or interact with proteins within the promoter region
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Cis-acting elements
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what are the 3 cis-acting elements in eukaryotic transcription?
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-Core elements
-regulatory elements -enhancers |
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In the preinitiation complex,
TFIID binds ... complex, and then TBP recognizes the ... |
TATA box complex
DNA sequence |
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in the preinitiation complex, which transcription factor unwinds the promoter DNA at the transcription start site (helicase activity) synthesizes the first few phosphodiester bonds?
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TFIIH
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trans-acting factors bind to ...
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cis-acting elements
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what are the 3 functions of mRNA capping?
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-translation
-mRNA processing and transport -stability |
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What is plasma membrane or plasmalemma?
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cell membrane
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The plasma membrane 8-10 nm in diameter, so it is only visible by (what microscope?)
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Transmission electron microscope
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By transmission electron microscopy, the plasma membrane consists of a ... sandwiched between inner and outer electron-dense lines.
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middle electron lucent layer
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Carbohydrates are attached to integral and peripheral membrane proteins (called ...) and to lipids (...) of the membrane bilayer.
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glycoproteins
glycolipids |
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Only ... molecules and ... molecules can easily get past the membrane.
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small, uncharged
hydrophobic |
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Intracellular membranes have a similar configuration as the plasma membrane, only ..., contains less... and more ...
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thinner
lipid protein |
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The nucleus, stains ... , especially the nucleolus
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basophilically
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What is composed mainly of granules and filaments of RNA and associated proteins, not surrounded by a membrane, transcribes ribosomal RNA and initial assembly of ribosomes?
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nucleolus
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The entire process of transcription (protein synthesis) occurs on ...
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ribosomes
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during the translation process, amino acids become covalently linked to one another by the formation of peptide bonds creating a ...
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polypeptide
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What are the 2 types of ribosomes?
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bound to endoplasmic reticulum (rER)
or free in cytoplasm |
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what type of ribosome translates for proteins that leave the cell or become part of the membrane?
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rER
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Which type of ribosomes translate for proteins that stay within the cell?
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Ribosomes that are free in the cytoplasm
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The major function of rER is sythesis and segregation of ... and ... membrane proteins from the cytoplasm.
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secretory
integral |
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When a protein leaves the rER, it travels to the ...
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golgi apparatus
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The ... consists of a series of subcompartments organized as a stack of membrane-limited cisternae arranged in a polarized series. Movement through this only goes in one direction. Doesn't stain very well.
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golgi apparatus
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what are the 2 functions of the golgi apparatus?
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-major center for membrane trafficking (target to proper location)
-post-translational modification of proteins |
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enzymes for steroid hormone synthesis are located in ... and ...
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sER
mitochondria |
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... is involved in metabolism of lipid soluble drugs, such as barbituates
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smooth ER
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The function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle is to
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store calcium ions
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what synthesizes the phospholipids for all cell membranes?
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smooth ER
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the process by which secretory products from the cell are released is called what?
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exocytosis
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what is the process by which extracellular substances are transported into the cell (by a route termed internalization) and processed) called?
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endocytosis
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what does this describe?
-single membrane-bound organelles. -contains a crystalline core. -processed with an enzyme called catalyse |
peroxisome
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what is catalase and what organelle is it found in?
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an enzyme that converts H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) into water and oxygen
peroxisomes |
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what does this describe?
-single membrane-bound organelle -contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down most organic material. |
lysosomes
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what does this describe?
-double membrane organelle -inner membrane thrown into folds called... cytoplasm internal to the folds is called the ... |
Mitochondria
-cristae -matrix |
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function of the mitochondria
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transforms chemical energy of metabolites found in the cytoplasm into energy that is easily accessible to the cell
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what is a complex network of protein filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm?
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cytoskeleton
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what are these functions of?
-movement of cell -muscular contraction -cell shape changes. Also maintaining shape of cell. -movement of organelles in the cytoplasm -calcium-ion storage -site of enzyme activity |
cytoskeleton
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what are the 3 types of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton?
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microtubules
microfilaments intermediate filaments |
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which filament maintains structure and is 10 nm?
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intermediate filament
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which filaments initiate movement and are 25 nm?
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microtubules
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what is the space that goes around the nucleus in between the two membranes called?
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perinuclear cisterna
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outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is beaded with ... and is continuous with ...
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ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) |
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Nuclear envelope provides attachment for ... (intermediate filaments - 10nm)
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nuclear lamins
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the thin line interposed between inner nuclear membrane and chromatin is called the ...
It anchors interphase chromosomes and also stabilizes nuclear envelope |
nuclear lamina
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Which membrane has pores -
cell membrane or nuclear membrane? |
nuclear membrane
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The average size of a nuclear pore is about ... nm containing a channel about ... nm wide
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100
9 |
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Can ribosomes get through the nuclear pore?
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no
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can small molecules like ions get through the nuclear pore?
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yes
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Through ... (requires energy), materials can be transported through the pore (they must have a sort of recognition signal to get through)
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active transport process
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all proteins are made in the ...
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cytoplasm
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what mediates bidirectional transport of materials between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm?
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nuclear pore complex
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The chromatin in the nucleolus is involved in making what?
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rRNA
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what is composed mainly of granules and filaments of RNA and associated proteins?
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nucleolus
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The bigger the nucleolus, the...protein making cells
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more active are the
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the nucleolus ... during cell division and ... afterwards
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disappears
reforms |
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where is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA transcription and initial assembly of ribosomes?
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nucleolus
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In the nucleolus, what codes for rRNA?
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Nucleolar organizer DNA
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The nuclear organizing center contains more ..., that's why it's lighter
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euchromatin
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what in the nucleolus is made of 5-10 nm ribonucleoprotein fibers (transcripts of rRNA genes)
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Pars fibrosa
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What part in the nucelolus is made of 15-20 nm granules (maturing ribosomes)?
The transcripts from the pars fibrosa are now being packaged and manufactured in this. |
Pars granulosa
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what is a complex of DNA and proteins?
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Chromatin
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a ... is a particle formed by the interaction of DNA with the 8 histone molecules
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nucleosome
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A single strand of DNA loops around each octamer of histome proteins approximately ... times
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2
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Because the DNA extends between each nucleosome as a 1.5 nm filament that joins adjacent nucleosomes, the chromatin appears as "..."
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beads on a string
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By TEM, pale stained areas of DNA are called ... and densly staining regions are called ...
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euchromatin
heterochromatin |
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...refers to the stretched out (uncondensed) regions of chromatin that are actively involved in RNA synthesis. It's prominent in metabolically active cells such as neurons and liver cells.
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euchromatin
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... is responsible for the basophilic staining (e.g., by hematoxylin) of the nucleus seen by LM.
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heterochromatin
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During cell division, nuclear DNA (both heterochromatin and euchromatin) replicates and supercoils to form ...
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chromosomes
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An exception for the nucleus disappearing during meiosis is in ...
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primary oocyte
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A small, tiny (pyknotic) nuclei is a sign that ... is occuring.
Blebbing of membrane is also a sign that this is occuring |
apoptosis
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