Cell Bio Exam #1

Front 1

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Back 1

DNA--->RNA (transcription)
RNA--->Proteins (translation)

Front 2

These cause changes in DNA, resulting in different proteins

Back 2

Mutations

Front 3

Who discovered the cell?

Back 3

Robert Hook, believing they resembled the rooms monks live in in monasteries

Front 4

Cell Theory

Back 4

1. All living things are made of cells.
2. The cell is the smallest functional unit of life.
3. Cells come from pre-existing cells.

Front 5

Cells without a nucleus

Back 5

Prokaryotes

Front 6

Most diverse class of cells

Back 6

Prokaryotes

Front 7

What are the bacteria we encounter on a daily basis?

Back 7

Eubacteria

Front 8

What are the bacteria that live in extreme environments called?

Back 8

Archaebacteria

Front 9

Cells that contain a nucleus

Back 9

Eukaryotes

Front 10

Mitochondria

Back 10

Cellular Respiration

Front 11

Theory that a bacteria was taken into the cell through endocytosis, forming a membrane-bound vesicle

Back 11

Endosymbiotic theory

Front 12

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 12

Used to make membrane-bound proteins or synthesize lipids

Front 13

Golgi Apparatus

Back 13

Receives proteins/lipids from ER, modifies, and sends to destination.

Front 14

Lysosome

Back 14

Intracellular digestion

Front 15

Peroxisome

Back 15

Reactions using hydrogen peroxide take place here

Front 16

Cytosol

Back 16

Everything excluding nucleus and organelles

Front 17

Order smallest to largest, of proteins forming the cytoskeleton

Back 17

Actin<Intermediate<Microtubules

Front 18

Actin

Back 18

Aids movement

Front 19

Microtubules

Back 19

Transport, chromosome division

Front 20

Intermediate

Back 20

Support and framework

Front 21

Types of Non-Covalent Bonds

Back 21

Hydrophobic, Ionic, Hydrogen, Van der Waals forces

Front 22

Monomer of Polysaccharides

Back 22

Monosaccharides

Front 23

Monomer of Lipids

Back 23

Fatty Acids

Front 24

Monomer of Proteins

Back 24

Amino Acids

Front 25

Monomer of Nucleic Acids

Back 25

Nucleotides

Front 26

Pentoses

Back 26

5-Carbon sugars

Front 27

Hexoses

Back 27

6-Carbon Sugars

Front 28

What type of bond connects monosaccharides?

Back 28

Glycosidic bond

Front 29

What connects amino acids?

Back 29

Peptide bond linkage

Front 30

Purines

Back 30

Adenine, Guanine (Pure As Gold)

Front 31

Anabolic Metabolism

Back 31

Requires energy (i.e monomers--->polymers

Front 32

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Back 32

In the universe or any isolated systems, the degree of disorder (entropy) can only increase

Front 33

Entropy Example

Back 33

An egg-- random molecules form an organized embryo, chemical energy is converted to heat, releasing heat to increase entropy

Front 34

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Back 34

Energy can be converted from one form to another but never destroyed

Front 35

Light-Dependent Reactions

Back 35

Using solar energy, Oxygen is generated

Front 36

Carbon Fixation

Back 36

Chemical energy is used to form organic molecules

Front 37

Equation for Photosynthesis

Back 37

Light+CO2+H20--->Sugars+O2+
heat

Front 38

Equation for Respiration

Back 38

Sugars+O2--->Co2+H20+chem energy+heat

Front 39

Controlled burning

Back 39

Extraction of energy from food, gradual oxidation

Front 40

Free energy depends on

Back 40

Difference if free energy of reactants and products; concentration of reactants and products

Front 41

Chemical Equilibrium

Back 41

no net change in concentration of products and reactants

Front 42

Steps of the breakdown of simple subunits to Acetyl CoA

Back 42

Glycolysis
Glucose(6C)--->2Pyruvate(3C)
Oxidation of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA Pyruvate--->Acetyl CoA

Front 43

Steps of complete oxidation of Acetyl CoA to Co2 and H20

Back 43

Krebs Cycle- generates NADH, FADH2, and GTP
Electron Transport Chain using NADH and FADH2
ATP Synthase- energy from electron transport generates atp synthesis

Front 44

energy is derived from

Back 44

carbs, proteins, fats

Front 45

5 Carbon Sugars

Back 45

Ribose, Deoxyribose

Front 46

6 Carbon Sugars

Back 46

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Front 47

Sucrose

Back 47

Fructose and Glucose

Front 48

Maltose

Back 48

Glucose and Glucose

Front 49

Lactose

Back 49

galactose and glucose

Front 50

Oligosachharides

Back 50

A few sugars, Glycolipids and glycoproteins

Front 51

Polysaccharides

Back 51

Starch and Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin

Front 52

Bond between phosphate groups (nucleic acids)

Back 52

Phosphoanhydride bonds

Front 53

Bond between nucleic acids

Back 53

Phospodiester Bonds

Front 54

Bond between amino acids

Back 54

Peptide bonds

Front 55

Bond between sugars

Back 55

Glycosidic