Immune Response

Front 1

What are Antibodies?

Back 1

Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins produced by lymphocytes (B-cells) in response to a specific antigen.
Antibodies are released into the blood and carried to the site of infection.
Antibodies react only with specific antigens to render them harmless.

Front 2

What is an antigen?

Back 2

An antigen is a molecule or part of a molecule that is detected by the specific immune system as being "foreign".

Front 3

Why do cells of the immune system have different lifespans?

Back 3

-

Front 4

Give examples of the different cells within the innate immune system

Back 4

-

Front 5

The innate system works via co-operation between cells; give examples of the type of co-operation used

Back 5

-

Front 6

Why is co-operation between cells of the immune system important?

Back 6

-

Front 7

How do phagocytic cells select their targets?

Back 7

-

Front 8

How do phagocytic cells tell friend from foe?

Back 8

-

Front 9

Explain the sequence of events by which the innate immune system deals with a bacterial invasion due to onychocryptosis.

Back 9

-

Front 10

How does the innate immune system respond to a viral invasion?

Back 10

-

Front 11

Outline the events of the complement cascade that result in the membrane attack complex.

Back 11

-

Front 12

What other functions does complement have other than the complement cascade?

Back 12

-

Front 13

What is the difference between an Antibody and a B-cell receptor?

Back 13

-

Front 14

What are the functions of Antibody?

Back 14

-

Front 15

What is "clonal selection"?

Back 15

Clonal selection is the process by which activated B and T lymphocytes copy themselves and proliferate, in response to a pathogen attack.

Front 16

What is "class switching"?

Back 16

Class switching is....

Front 17

What benefits are derived from class switching?

Back 17

-

Front 18

How are B-cells activated?

Back 18

-

Front 19

What failsafe mechanisms exist as part of B-cell activation?

Back 19

-

Front 20

Describe the main attributes of IgM, IgA and IgG Antibodies.

Back 20

-

Front 21

What is antigen presentation?

Back 21

-

Front 22

Why is antigen presentation by class 1 MHC molecules important for the functioning of the adaptive immune system?

Back 22

-

Front 23

Why do we need MHC 2 molecules to present antigens? Why not just have MHC 1 molecules doing the job?

Back 23

-

Front 24

What roles do macrophages, dendritic cells and B-cells play in antigen presentation during infection?

Back 24

-

Front 25

Describe the dendritic cell life cycle through an infection.

Back 25

-

Front 26

State the three main roles of a dendritic cell during an infection.

Back 26

-

Front 27

How are dendritic cells activated?

Back 27

-

Front 28

How do T-cells differ from B-cells?

Back 28

-

Front 29

How does a dendritic cell present antigen to a helper T-cell?

Back 29

-

Front 30

What is a helper T-cell?

Back 30

-

Front 31

What influence does a helper T--cell have on B-cells and T-cells?

Back 31

-

Front 32

What is a T-cell receptor?

Back 32

-

Front 33

How does a T-cell transmit a signal from the TCR to the cell nucleus?

Back 33

-

Front 34

Describe the steps involved in activating the adaptive immune system, using the example of a pathogen entering via an ingrown nail, ending at production of antibodies specific to the pathogen.

Back 34

-

Front 35

Describe the main steps involved in turning off the adaptive immune system after infection.

Back 35

-

Front 36

What events are required to initiate an autoimmune reaction?

Back 36

-

Front 37

What features of HIV infection make it so difficult for the immune system to deal with?

Back 37

-

Front 38

Differentiate between humoral and cell-mediated immunity

Back 38

Humoral and cell-mediated immune systems together form the specific immune response.
Humoral immunity involves B-cell-produced antibodies attacking foreign molecules before they enter body cells.
Cell-mediated immunity involves activated T-cell direct killing of infected body cells or invading organisms.

Front 39

What is complement?

Back 39

-

Front 40

What are the main roles of complement?

Back 40

-

Front 41

Although theimmune system has two arms, it is said that "no T-cells, no immunity". Why?

Back 41

-

Front 42

Define immunocompetence.

Back 42

-

Front 43

What event signals that a B-cell or T-cell has developed immunocompetence?

Back 43

Lymphocytes are considered immunocompetent when they display a receptor on their suurface.

Front 44

Describe the process of clonal selection of a helper T-cell.

Back 44

-

Front 45

Is a primary or secondary immune response more rapid, and why?

Back 45

-

Front 46

Describe the structure of an antibody, including regions.

Back 46

Dimer
Comprised heavy and light chains

Front 47

Why does an antibody have variable regions? What purpose do they serve?

Back 47

-

Front 48

What are the five classes of antibody?

Back 48

-

Front 49

How do antibodies help defend the body?

Back 49

-

Front 50

Do vaccines produce active or passive humoral immunity?

Back 50

-

Front 51

Is passive or active humoral immunity more satisfactory, and why?

Back 51

-

Front 52

What events result in autoimmune disease?

Back 52

-

Front 53

What is the role of a helper cell?

Back 53

-

Front 54

What is the role of a suppressor cell?

Back 54

-

Front 55

What is the role of cytotoxic T-cells?

Back 55

-

Front 56

Which antibody class can fix complement?

Back 56

-

Front 57

Name the five classes of antibody

Back 57

-

Front 58

Which antibody class is abundant in body secretions?

Back 58

-

Front 59

Lymphocytes that develop immunocompetence in the thumus are called...?

Back 59

T-lymphocytes

Front 60

Which of the following types of cells can't directly attack target cells?
a) macrophages
b) cytotoxic T cells
c) helper T cells
d) natural killer cells

Back 60

-

Front 61

Where in the body are phagocytes made?

Back 61

-

Front 62

Why is antibody production much faster when the same antigen enters the body for a second time?

Back 62

-

Front 63

Where do B-lymphocytes originate?

Back 63

-