Humanities 212- Test #2

Front 1

The Price Revolution

Back 1

from the 1540's on, there was a problem of inflation, because of the 1. population increase, 2. silver influx from the Americas into the European economy, and 3. debt and devaluation
Results:

1. Rural Producers: owned the land, they could feed themselves)
2. Urban Consumers: cost of living went up, customers couldn't afford things
3. Crisis of Seigniorial Rents: rent stayed the same, economy worsened, landlords had troubles

Front 2

Battle of White Mountain

Back 2

November 8th, 1620, Ferdinand kicks out Fredrick as king of Bohemia, this marked the end of the Bohemian period in the 30 years war

Front 3

Martin Luther

Back 3

1483-1546, father wanted him to be a lawyer, he wanted to be involved in religion
-"you are saved by faith alone" Tower Experience
-Luther hated the churches Indulgences
-95 theses nailed to the door on October 31st, 1517, he followed formalized debate patterns in this letter
Key Luther Principles:
-sola fida: in faith alone
-sola scriptura: by scripture alone,
-the priesthood of all believers
Lutheranism spread because of
-the printing press
-the middle class
-his radicalism and his conservatism

Front 4

Uldrich Zwingli

Back 4

1484-1531: Zwinglianism: believed that anyone can pray directly to God, condemned hierarchical authority in the church, did not believe in transubstantiation, this movement was absorbed by the larger Protestantism of Calvinism

Front 5

Anabaptism

Back 5

-people that believed baptism was not for infants and it was reserved for people who confirmed their belief, they felt that Luther didn't go far enough, they were percieved as culturally threatening
-extremists at Munster, wanted to make the city a new Jerusalem

Front 6

The German Peasant’s War

Back 6

(1524-1525): background of violence, a series of economic and social revolts
-Frankenhausen: peasants were slaughtered, after when the Germany nobility took over again, they had more power and so as a result, they pushed more stringent regulations on them
-After this conflict, Luther changes his stance on peasants and calls them unruly, a threat to society, having no respect for authority

Front 7

The Münster Commune

Back 7

(1534-1535) John Leyeden believed that everything going bad was a sign the anti-christ was powerful and so, he started this commune, he took over lots of wives, Leyden became even more crazy and was taken over, the leaders of the commune were put in cages above the church, these cages still exist today

Front 8

Elizabeth I

Back 8

(1558-1603): daughter of Anne Boelyn/King Henry VIII, she is more sympathetic with Protestantism but even she is concerned with royal supremacy
-The Doctrine of Adiphora: "there are a lot of things in christianity that you can do anyway and still be pleasing to God"
-her sister was a catholic, she tried to maintain a neutral position on the religious issue
-some call her a heretic because she does not buy the authority of the Pope

Front 9

John Calvin

Back 9

(1509-1564): dominant voice of the reform tradition
-lived an upper middle class life
-he fled to Basel because things were hostile in Paris, he wrote the Institutes of the Christian Religion
-he became the most influential figure in Geneva
-he wanted Geneva to become a Godly republic, a shining city on a hill
-T: TOTAL DEPRAVITY, man is corrupt
-U: UNCONDITIONAL ELECTION: people are saved
-L: LIMITED ATONEMENT, atonement is limited to the elect
-I: IRRESISTIBLE GRACE: God saves you whether you like it or not
-P: PERSEVERANCE OF THE SAINTS, if you are chosen to be saved, you will be, and cannot fall away
-The Spread: 2 main points of his system 1.the sovereignty of God, God does the saving and 2.????

Front 10

The Council of Trent

Back 10

a general council invoked by Paul III in 1545, a new counter-reformation catholic church would emerge from the council, they ended up reaffirming all catholic tenants that the protestant church challenged, transubstantiation, purgatory, the invocation of the saints, and the rule of celibacy all stayed in place
-a theological seminary was to be established in every diocese
-they set the canon for what would be considered literature that went against the Catholic church

Front 11

Hugenots

Back 11

French protestants, the conversion of many aristocratic Frenchwomen to protestantism, Catherine de Medici plotted with members of the Cathoilc Guise to kill Hugenot leaders in france, some 15,000 hugenots were killed, only until Henry of Navarre succedded the throne did this civil war cease
-Edict of Nantes: issued by Henry IV, offering limited religious freedom to the Hugenots while also giving them civil rights such as serving in government and studying at the universities, the edict basically separated france into ethnic enclaves
-Henry IV would eventually be shot down by a fanatical Catholic, the Edict of Nantes was a success

Front 12

Suleiman the Magnificent

Back 12

(1520-1566): he helped reform the law within the Ottoman empire
-conquests of Belgrade, Rhodes, Mohacs, the Siege of Vienna, advances across North Africa, Preveza (Greece falls to the Turks)
-Battle of Lepanto- a stalemate is reached in the mediterranian, the christian fleet and the Turkish fleet meet here at Lepanto, the christians surround the Turks and they decimate them, thousands of Christian slaves are freed, was viewed as a great christian victory

Front 13

Ignatius Loyola

Back 13

(1491-1556): also part of the counter-reformation, wrote spiritual exercises, was wounded in battle and became a peaceful monastic who started the Society of Jesus, the society operated on a soldier like basis, organized strictly outlawing individuality, their main goal was preaching around the globe, they set up schools and colleges

Front 14

Charles V

Back 14

(1519-1556): his inheritance was areas of spain, italy, eastern europe, and northern Germany, maybe he could be there one ruler and solve all the european problems,
-he was the heir of Ferdinand, he inherited all his land too,
-he tried to rule his diverse territory with local leaders and institutions
-he was a faithful and committed catholic, people said he didnt act swift enough in defense of catholicism and so by 1530, a solid contingency of protestants lived in Germany
-because the empire was structured the way it was, it led to the thirty years war beginning in 1618

Front 15

Battle of Mohács

Back 15

1526 in Hungary, the Hungarian forces were destroyed by the Ottoman forces, this led to Hungary being split between the Ottomans, the Hungarians, and the Hapsburgs

Front 16

The Battle of Lepanto

Back 16

October 7th, 1571, a stalemate was reached in the mediterranean and the christian fleet defeated the turkish fleet leading to the freeing of thousands of Christian slaves, it was deemed a great christian victory

Front 17

The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Back 17

August 24th, 1572, Henry of, the way to heal the wounds of the Frenchmen was to marry into the H Navarre Hugenot family
-Hugenots were slaughtered in Paris, forced to drink their own blood because of their beliefs on transubstantiation
-another 4,000 were slaughtered by their neighbors

Front 18

The Edict of Nantes

Back 18

the edict issued by Henry of Navarre, offered religious freedom to the Hugenots of France and also gave them certain civil privileges
-the edict resulted in splitting the French kingdom into two ethnic enclaves, in some ways, the Hugenot areas became a state within a state making people fear that the kingdom might fall apart much like during the 100 yrs war
-the edict would be revoked in October of 1685, calvinism would be made illegal, 250,000 flee france rather than converting to Catholicism

Front 19

Philip II

Back 19

(1556-1598): son of Charles V, he was born in Spain, he was a counter reformation Catholic supporter, spent much of his energy in spain but wanted to have direct control over the netherlands
-the Paper King, a micromanager
-workaholic, he made sure no one would or could question his claims
-he was determined to wipe out protestantism
-he kept a close watch on those living in the Netherlands

Front 20

The Spanish Armada

Back 20

1588- large ships, huge sea faring vessels, had huge firepower, their gola was to take control of the English channel for the army of Flanders to be ferried across the channel, the english fleet was made up of smaller ships
-they had a battle in 1588> the Protestant wind drove the Spanish ships away from each other, half the ships were lost, they lost their advantage of staying together > they lost this important battle

Front 21

Frederick V of the Palatinate

Back 21

he wanted to keep the peace in the thirty years war, he accepted the crown of Bohemia leading to the outbreak of the Thirty Years War, Ferdinand II was outraged and war broke out

Front 22

Ferdinand II

Back 22

(1619-1623) he was religiously intolerant of the Protestants, he was from the house of the Hapsburgs, after Charles V was abdicated, he took over the Hapsburg lands and the imperial title

Front 23

The Edict of Restitution

Back 23

1629: all the church lands that had been confiscated had to be returned to the church and protestants throughout Europe saw this as the re-Catholiciziation of Germany

Front 24

The Thirty Years War

Back 24

(1618-1648): the new attitude between politics and religious identification
-the structure of the empire: Germany, Charles V conceded that Lutherans could worship
-increasing tensions between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League, war broke out when Ferdinand was named the king of protestant Bohemia
-some areas of Germany were decimated so bad, some lost over 50% of their population in the skirmish
-The Peace of Westphalia marked the end of the thirty years war, Protestant Principalities in the north balanced the catholic ones in the south,
-germany emerged from the war devastated and decimated

Front 25

Gustavus Adolphus

Back 25

a military genius from Sweden, he was known as the Lion of the North, he marched into Germany in 1630 to champion the protestant cause, he started the Swedish invasion of europe, much of this war was fought in Germany but sided Sweden and France against Austria and Spain

Front 26

Cardinal Richelieu

Back 26

ruler of france in succesion of Henry IV, he enhanced centralized French power and expanded french influence throughout europe, he added to the Edict of Nantes by not allowing them political rights or military rights,
-direct taxation in numerous regions
-doubled the crowns income during his time in office, there were significant internal pressures on him because of their costly involvement in the thirty years war

Front 27

The Battle of Rocroi

Back 27

May 19, 1643: the effectual end of Spanish power, in the Netherlands, the French army defeats the Spanish army, the spanish infantry was tough but was crushed here

Front 28

The Treaty of Westphalia

Back 28

1648: issued for the first time the concept of state sovereignty in europe,
-each prince would determine the religion of his own state
-this ended the thirty years wad
Aftermath: 1. economic and demographic devastation in Germany
2. armies marching across depleting the German land
3. people in europe were war weary
4. made the historical transition from religious war to secular war
5. The war between France and Spain continued until 1659

Front 29

Peace of Augsburg

Back 29

1555: cuius regio, eius religio (as the ruler, so the religion) it was good in that it allowed for religious tolerance but it set the precedent for the understanding that no single state could sustain more than one religious authority (denied pluralism as an option)

Front 30

The English Civil War

Back 30

(1642-1649): the violence began in Oxford, small skirmishes start popping up all over England
-The New Model Army: Sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell
-WHY: constitutional hostilities, religious animosities between Catholics and Protestants, struggle for power amongst the aristocrats, and a fiscal system that could not keep pace
-when Charles took over was when the country started getting nervous because he averted parliamentary procedure, by 1642 Open warfare erupted between the king and Parliament
-they struggled with how to handle Charles because of the belief that the king was somehow divine and tied to the diety
-they ended up executing charles on conspiracy charges and executed him on January 30th, 1649

Front 31

Thomas Hobbes

Back 31

(1588-1679): not a nobleman but he was a college educated man who was attached to some of the english noble houses
-he was a political theorist, he wrote Elements of Law and Natural and Political
-theory of man=primal egotism
-Levithan: Hobbes did not assume that the royalty had absolute power,
-mans state of nature was of "war of all against all"
-His solution: sovereignty had to be undivided if there could be peace, the only way to impose peace is to have a strong central government

Front 32

Oliver Cromwell

Back 32

1645: part of the new model army, commander of the Roundhead army, led the charge in usurping the power of Charles I, he installed the Rump parliament to be in control after Charles was beheaded
-he was effectively the Protectorate, it was a moderate military dictatorship
-education: literacy was emphasized, state sponsored grammar schools, he also made sure people small offenses were no longer capital offenses

Front 33

Charles II of England

Back 33

(1660-1685): the king was reinstated, he was known as the merry monarch, he put on parties
-he would never have a legitimate heir so they would then have a problem of succession on their hands
-(write more on him)

Front 34

The Glorious Revolution

Back 34

(1688-1689): queen mary gives birth to a son > fear of catholic succession

MORE

Front 35

John Locke

Back 35

(1631-1704): physican who wrote the Second Treatise of Government,
Key points:
-men are in the state of nature, equal and free
-sovereignty comes from the consent of the governed
-sovereignty is inalienable, from the people
-Political societies are created for the mutual good
-the right to property is inalienable
-law is the only cure for arbitrary government
-government authority is contractual and conditional
-His ideas were important to the english and french revolutions because he asserted that absolutist regimes were dangerous and made government cumbersome

Front 36

The Fronde

Back 36

-a series of revolts between 1648-1653, Louis the 14th was in charge but too young to have actual control over france, as a result people were upset over the costs of war, revolts flared on and off for the next few years
-the fronde was in resistence to the royalist policies of Richelieu and Cardinal Marizan
-the aristocrats got out of hand and so never again would Louis 14th let that happen
Legacy of the Fronde
1. the conservative reaction: absolutism isnt as bad as they thought
2. opposition to absolutist policies has no chance
3. Louis' suspicion of his people
(the idealists and the poor paid the highest price, they were taxed because Louis decided to punish them

Front 37

Louis XIV

Back 37

(1643-1715): he wanted to take all the power as the king and do all the hard work, Louis the 14th took the throne at a young age and had to deal with ending the Fronde rebellion
-he dealt with the sword nobles vs. the robe nobles
(sword-traditional landed aristocrats, robe-didn't have rich bloodlines)
-he took away the nobles political power but increased their social prestige by allowing them to be in the courts of Versailles
-he felt personally responsible for the people of the state
-he crippled the authority of smaller states making the power centralized
-Louis was opposed to the Hugenots and so accordingly revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685, 200,000 some Hugenots fled France taking with them huge industries

Front 38

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Back 38

(1619-1683): a well connected man, was interested in trimming french expenses and becoming more productive
-he tightened the process of taxation
-tried to control and regulate foreign trade, wealth would increase if exports were increased and imports decreased (Mercantilism)
-he was interested in producing all the goods necessary to be self-sustaining

Front 39

Mercantilism

Back 39

-wealth is precious metals, maximizing the reserves and making France a more self-sustaining country
-it lives on the premise that maximizing exports while minimizing imports would increase overall profit
-bringing precious metals in gives the country more overall capital
Adam Smith was critical: wealth is the sum of all goods and services exchanged as opposed to the innate value of owning a large share of precious metals

Front 40

William of Orange

Back 40

(1650-1702): also known as William III,
-won the English, Scottish, and Irish crown after the glorious revolution
-a protestant joint ruler of England, they crossed the channel into France with an army to advance their protestant cause
-engaged in several wars with Louis the 14th of France, Louis ends the war but has great land gains from the skirmishes with England

Front 41

Peter the Great

Back 41

(1672-1725) the tsar of Russia, he was huge, came to the throne as a little boy, at the age of 17, he overthrew his sister and became the leader
-he transformed the state into a state of fear and worry, there were rebellions to reinstate his sister which her quickly put down
Foreign policy: to secure year round ports on the Black Sea, in 1700 he began a 20 year war with Sweden called the Great Northern War, the war ended in 1721 and left Sweden as a second rate power in the world
-direct taxation in russia increased some 500%, he made Russia force in europe but in the process, created dissension within the powers to be in Russia

Front 42

The War of the Spanish Succession

Back 42

(1701-1714): there was a problem of Spanish inheritance, no one wanted more war at this time, the goal was to establish a balance of power in europe
-people worried who would take over because they all wanted a balanced europe (after Charles II)
-Phillip V was proclaimed the succeeder of the Spanish crown, Louis 14th sent troops into Spanish Netherlands
-the war pitted France and Spain against England, Austria, and Prussia

Front 43

The Treaty of Utrecht

Back 43

ended the war of Spanish Succession in 1713, Phillipi V remained on the throne and maintained his control, Louis agreed that France and Spain would never be united under the same ruler
-England: gained the most from this treaty, including the right to transport and sell African slaves in Spanish America
-Britain and France were now the dominant powers in Europe, this also marked the end of Spanish world power, Britain's navy would rule the world for the next century

Front 44

The Great Elector

Back 44

(1640-1688) Fredrick William: laid the foundations for Prussian greatness, built a successful army and mobilized resources to pay for it, many helped with increasing the size and strength of the Prussian Army, they supported Austria in the War of Spanish Succession,
-Kreigsrat- the beginning of the most feared policing state, he would need a military power to protect Brandenburg.

Front 45

The Great Northern War

Back 45

(1700-1721): War between Russia and Sweden over control of the Black Sea, ended in expanding the power of Russia in eastern europe making things much more important in eastern europe for years to come
-30,000 serfs died in the construction of the western oriented capital Peter the Great was to build

Front 46

The Land of Cockaigne

Back 46

-one of many coping strategies
-the mythical land where you can eat everything in the land, roast pigs walk around and you can eat them as they come
-extreme luxury and ease, to combat the asceticism of life

Front 47

Sola Fide

Back 47

one of Luthers key concepts, by faith alone

Front 48

Treaty of Carlowitz

Back 48

(1699) Austria gains Hungary, Transylvannia, and Slavonia, the Ottoman Empire previously had control over these territories but now the Habsburgs the dominant power of Central Europe

Front 49

St. Teresa de Avila

Back 49

(1515-1582): the counter-reformation catholicism brought about the importance of women in the faith, establishing new orders of nuns, this gave women a chance to pursue a life of celibacy and religious dedication

Front 50

Schmakaldic War

Back 50

(1546-1547): a defensive alliance of protestant princes with the goal of becoming a political entity much like the Holy Roman Empire,
-Charles engaged in war with this league and destroyed them ending this uprising

Front 51

Henry VIII

Back 51

(1509-1547): Catherine never produces a son, he wanted a son so succession would be clear, his brutality in suppressing the Protestant reform movement was part of his legacy
-established himself as the supreme head of the Church of England
Issues:
1. he should not have been allowed to mary Catherine of Aragon (incest)
2. The Act of Restraint (no one could appeal his rulings)
3. The Act of Supremacy (Henry was head of the church in England)
His daughter was Elizabeth I, daughter of Anne Boelyn

Front 52

Cardinal Mazarin

Back 52

alleged of corruption and mismanagement of the French state, the Fronde rebelled mostly in part because of him
-he helped command the French territories before Louis the 14th was old enough to take over the crown, people revolted because they thought he was corrupt and power hungry

Front 53

Catherine de Medici

Back 53

(1519-1589): born into the powerful de Medici family, she married King Henry II of France,
-she was involved in religious persecution in France, she was initially in favor of religious tolerance of the Huguenots but later was responsible for St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
-St.Barts day had thousands of Huguenots killed throughout France and Paris
-she plotted with members of the Catholic guise to kill the Huguenots in and around the French region resulting in more civil war