Human Sexuality Midterm 2 (Iii)

Front 1

Male are the ones who attract the females with wild plumages and dances. Females aren't colourful or bright (don't need to attract). This shows that the animal kingdom values ______?

Back 1

physical attributes

Front 2

Historically, what is female voluptuousness associated with?

Back 2

femininity and fertility

Front 3

Historically, why was a "motherly figure" considered the most attractive?

Back 3

more weight = optimal outcomes for child baring

Front 4

Historically, what quality of males was associated with the lower class and why?

Back 4

Muscularity

- only lower class did labor i.e. factories

Front 5

What is considered attractive and feminine in Burmese culture?

Back 5

Stretching the neck out as long as you can

Front 6

In what culture do men get dressed up and try to attract women away from their husbands?

Back 6

Wada Bo people of Papua New Guinea

Front 7

In China, what procedure do women have done in order to indicate that they're in higher class?

Back 7

Foot binding: break feet and curl them in

- indicates upper class b/c they are rich enough to not do labor (can't b/c their feet are binded)

Front 8

What do South Asian women consider attractive/high class?

Back 8

Wearing makeup, jewelry and blinged out traditional clothing

Front 9

In the 19th century, what was the makeup they wore made up of?

Back 9

Mercury and lead

Front 10

By the mid 20th century, what famous figures were considered the prototypes of the prettiest people?

Back 10

James Dean

Marilyn Monroe - motherly figure

Coco Chanel - changed people's opinions about the sun tan, use to be associated with the lower class (unattractive)

> Now back to being considered unattractive b/c it is associated with skin cancer

Front 11

Is tanning considered attractive in Asia?

Back 11

no, people go as far as to purchase skin lightening creams

> used to look more western & to make features pop b/c of the contrast

Front 12

True or False? There is a correlation between skin colour and intelligence.

Back 12

TOTALLY INACCURATE WAY OF TESTING INTELLIGENCE

Front 13

As of more recently, how has the concept of femininity changed?

Back 13

Sexuality doesn't need to be tied to motherhood and career

> Women started entering the workforce in North America = change of roles in which they can have a career outside of the home

- Even so, in a man's world, these women were forced to take on male traits

Front 14

As of recently, how has the concept masculinity changed in regards to muscularity?

Back 14

Muscularity (+strength) now associated with masculinity and affluence.

- association of muscle and labor diminished

- fit men were privileged (+high class) b/c they have the money to go to the gym + more free time

Front 15

As an example of the Western Ideal, who was voted sexiest people in the world?

Back 15

Female cast in Game of Thrones

Jamie Dornan

Front 16

An bulked up guy with lightened hair, skin tight clothing and no body hair VS. hipster guy with plaid shirt, tight jeans and a beard

> This is an example of ______?

Back 16

Subcultures

> specific aesthetic attracted to a subculture

Front 17

How are lesbian & gay subcultures divided?

Back 17

Lesbian: can be part of the masculine spectrum i.e. Katie Lang or the feminine spectrum i.e. Portia Di Rossi

Gay: can be a bear type i.e masculine, stock build, hairy or a twink type i.e. young, lean, no body hair

Front 18

What theory explains our need to pass on genes to the next generation, maximizing the most genes with a partner who is optimal to do so with?

Back 18

reproductive theory

Front 19

What is the male reproductive strategy?

Back 19

create as many pregnancies as possible to maximize the health of the child and pregnancy

Front 20

What is the female reproductive strategy?

Back 20

Thinks about a partner who can best provide resources and protect the family

- looks for healthiest genes

Front 21

What other preference in males might be correlated with why females report being more sexually attracted to taller men?

Back 21

Preference for males who demonstrate confidence, physical strength and powerful bearing

Front 22

According to a Cosmopolitan study, when women were asked to rank order traits they look for in men, what trait showed up at the top?

Back 22

Height!

Front 23

According to a Cosmopolitan study, what was the ideal partner height that women reported?

Back 23

Partners on average 10% taller than they are

Front 24

Women do indeed have a preference for muscularity but men have a tendency to overestimate the amount by how much?

Back 24

30 pounds

Front 25

How does female preference in their partner change according to their menstrual cycle? Why does their preference change during the menstrual cycle?

Back 25

prefer more masculine men during fertile period of menstrual cycle ( to make babies with optimal partner) and more feminine during other parts of the cycle (to take care of babies)

- changes in sex hormones

Front 26

True of False? Because more sexually open women are more motivated to have sex and the the purpose of sex is to reproduce, they will prefer feminine men.

Back 26

False, prefer masculine men (to make babies with optimal partner)

Front 27

Why do men report being more attracted to younger women?

Back 27

Reproductive fitness

- women are optimal for reproduction from mid late teens to early 20s

Front 28

Across 37 cultures, on average how young do men prefer their partners?

Back 28

2.5 years younger

Front 29

What are some examples of features that make women appear youthful and that men are attracted to?

Back 29

full lips, clear skin, clear eyes, lustrous hair, good muscle tone

Front 30

Why do men prefer larger breasts in their partners?

Back 30

They single reproductive maturity and fertility

- breasts are the most obvious indicator of sexual maturity

- the larger they are, the more attention they draw

Front 31

In the US, what do women overestimate in regards to men's preferences?

Back 31

men's preference for thinness and large breasts

Front 32

What is WHR?

Back 32

waist to hip ratio: ratio of waist circumference to hip circumference

R = w/h

1 = no hips

The lower the r, the more hips i.e. 0.7 = hips wider in relation to waist

Front 33

What is the optimal WHR ratio for women (for general health and fertility)?

Back 33

0.7

Front 34

What is the optimal WHR ratio for men?

Back 34

0.9

Front 35

What WHR ratio do people consider the most attractive?

Back 35

0.7

Front 36

The WHR is a more efficient predictor of mortality in older people than __________?

Back 36

waist circumference or BMI

Front 37

If you redefined obesity using the WHR (rather than BMI), the proportion of people categorized as at risk of hearth attack worldwide increases by how much?

Back 37

threefold

Front 38

Why might BMI not be the best indicator of obesity?

Back 38

It is based on thousands of data

> people who live very unhealthy habits i.e. eat junk food everyday, smoke etc can be considered normal on the chart

= does not take into account WHY they are fat

Front 39

True of False. Subcutaneous fat (under skin) correlated to negative outcomes.

Back 39

False, only visceral fat (fat surrounding organs) correlated with more negative outcomes b/c it is choking out your organs

Front 40

What is the optimal WHR in China?

Back 40

0.6

Front 41

What is the optimal WHR in South America and Arica

Back 41

0.6 from side view

0.8 - 0.9 from the front view

Front 42

What is the average WHR for playboy girls?

Back 42

0.7

Front 43

What is WSR?

Back 43

waist to shoulder ratio: ratio of waist circumference to shoulder circumference

r = w/s

As shoulders get wider relative tothe waist the number gets smaller (1 – 0.7)

Front 44

what ratio/features are were rated to most attractive by heterosexual women and gay men?

Back 44

0.75 or lower

- broad shoulder and v shaped torso

Front 45

From an evolutionary perspective, why might board shoulders and a muscular build be the most attractive?

Back 45

They're associated with increased testosterone + masculinity

Front 46

What is the theory behind our preference for facial symmetry?

Back 46

Facial symmetry is a manifestation of desirable genetic traits

- person with the least symmetry probably has stuff going on with their genes = less desirable to make babies with

Front 47

What is the theory used to explain facial sexual dimorphism (i.e. preference for feminine or masculine facial features)?

Back 47

preference for traits thatbest exhibit sexual maturation and reproductive fitness

- i.e. depends on whether they're looking to reproduce with an optimal partner or considering them taking care of their babies

> masculine during ovulation

> famine during other times of their menstrual cycle

Front 48

What explains why mixed raced individuals are often so attractive?

Back 48

Facial Averaging: something about an average face is super attractive to use

- as faces are averaged together, flaws and asymmetry is gotten rid of

Front 49

What is the price of vanity?

Back 49

increased anxiety = increased sales for business

- we pay a lot for things we value (in this case vanity)

> why market encourage appearance commodification (which disproportionately affects women)

Front 50

What percentage of cosmetic surgeries are done by those living in poverty (income level under 25,000)?

Back 50

30%

Front 51

In cultures where thinness is idealized, what do people associate being overweight to?

Back 51

laziness, softness andweakness

- thinkthey are lazy or unmotivated, no willpower

Front 52

In what ways have the overweight community fought back against the prejudice and discrimination?

Back 52

i.e. Big Beautiful movement, fat appreciation in porn (fat fetishism + feederism)

Front 53

How does our devices influence our activity levels?

Back 53

Makes us less active

- allows us quick and cheap access to fast food

Front 54

In a 1995 study of Canadian teenagers, which 69% of girls said they would like to lose weight? what about the boys?

Back 54

54% of boys would like to gainweight

Front 55

Explain the methods of the Swami et al. (2010) study.

Back 55

- malesubjects viewed female figures ranging from very thin to very large

- threeconditions: (1) positive personality; (2) negative personality; (3) noinformation

Front 56

Explain the results of the Swami et al. (2010) study.

Back 56

- all subjects rated same figure as most attractive across all three conditions

BUT... group 1 rated a much wider range of figures as attractive vs. opposite effect for group 2 > Range of figures they (group 1) found attractive grew, knowing something about their positve personality made you attracted it to them more vs. negative personality

Front 57

Explain the methods of the Lewandowski et al. (2007) study.

Back 57

- femaleand male subjects rated attractiveness of yearbook photos

- manipulatedpersonality traits (positive, negative, control = no info)

Front 58

Explain the results of the Lewandowski et al. (2007) study.

Back 58

- positive traits associated with higher attractiveness ratings and negative traits associated with lower attractiveness ratings regardless of baseline attractiveness (i.e., high versus low) >Traits impacting the attractiveness

Front 59

Explain the methods of the Germine et al. (2015) study.

Back 59

- twinstudy (identical)

> grew up in same household (controls for genetic andenvironment factors)

- Ifone twin rates the same person as 8 the other should rate 8 as well

- Fraternal twins as the control group

- Ratedattractiveness of 200 faces

Front 60

Explain the results of the Germine et al. (2015) study.

Back 60

- on average, agreed which faces were more and less attractive

... BUT, when randomly selected pairs of participants (took each twin pair on its own and looks at their ratings for each face and compared ratings), only 48% in agreement

> We should have seen high concordance because they are twins

> Something else was impacting perceptions of attractive = low concordance

- Unique experience we have through media that shapes how attractive we think people are, family and genetics don’t really matter

Front 61

What is the average age for marriage in Canada now vs. in the past?

Back 61

after 30, use to be right after high school

Front 62

What is the divorce rate in Canada?

Back 62

40%

Front 63

What increases the risk of getting divorced?

Back 63

Living together before marriage

Front 64

What type of relationship is more than 50% of college students in?

Back 64

friends with benefits – just sex, not emotional

Front 65

⅔ single women are interested in hookups while ⅕ single men are uninterested. This challenges what idea?

Back 65

men are the only ones interested in casual sex

Front 66

Why are hookups a greater cost to females?

Back 66

They're the ones who might get pregnant and might have to go through the process of abortion

Front 67

What % of Americans believe in soul mates?

Back 67

73%

Front 68

An increased belief in soul mates is associated with ___________?

Back 68

greater risk of relationship collapse

> You will always be searching because you will have these extreme expectations

Front 69

What are the predictors of partner choice?

Back 69

1. Proximity: Howmany people you have the opportunity to interact with

2. Similarity(e.g., looks, attitudes, beliefs, values, personality and interests)

> People in relationships are more likely to be similar to you, but you don’t want to be too similar

3. Reciprocity: Express to each other affection

Front 70

If someone meets your criteria (shopping list), they fit your ___________?

Back 70

field of eligibles