Human Physiology: Regulation Of Metabolism Chapter 19

Front 1

3 influences on metabolic rate

Back 1

1. physical activity
2. termperature
3. eating

Front 2

What's the unit of measure of energy provided in food and energy consumed by the body?

Back 2

kilocalorie

Front 3

When caloric intake > energy expenditure over a period of time, excess calories are stored as _____.

Back 3

fat

Front 4

2 types of vitamins

Back 4

1. water-soluble
2. fat-soluble

Front 5

4 fat-soluble vitamins

Back 5

1. A
2. D
3. E
4. K

Front 6

Water-soluble vitamins needed for enzyme activity involved in ____ _________.

Back 6

cell respiration

Front 7

Gland which regulates eating behavior

Back 7

hypothalamus

Front 8

5 neurotransmitters which control eating behavior

Back 8

1. endorphins
2. norepinephrine
3. serotonin
4. cholecystokinin
5. neuropeptide Y

Front 9

Adipose cells [are/are not] endocrine in nature.

Back 9

are

Front 10

What is secreted by adipocytes?

Back 10

leptin

Front 11

Leptin

Back 11

regulates food intake and metabolism

Front 12

A rise in plasma glucose stimulates ________ and inhibits __________.

Back 12

insulin; glucagon secretion

Front 13

Amino acids stimulate secretion of ________ and _________.

Back 13

insulin; glucagon

Front 14

Insulin

Back 14

promotes uptake of blood glucose into skeletal muscle and other tissues

Front 15

Major organs that remove blood glucose in response to insulin stimulation.

Back 15

skeletal muscles

Front 16

2 things that happen during fasting:

Back 16

1. insulin secretion decreases
2. glucagon secretion increases

Front 17

4 processes stimulated by glucagon:

Back 17

1. glycogenolysis in the liver
2. gluconeogenesis
3. lipolysis
4. ketogenesis

Front 18

Glucagon

Back 18

helps to maintain adequate levels of blood glucose for the brain and provide alternative energy sources for other organs

Front 19

2 disorders of islets of Langerhans:

Back 19

1. diabetes mellitus
2. reactive hypoglycemia

Front 20

Type 1 diabetes mellitus occurs when _______ cells are destroyed.

Back 20

beta

Front 21

Type 2 diabetes mellitus occurs as a result of ________ and ___________.

Back 21

relative tissue insensitivity to insulin; inadequate insulin secretion

Front 22

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is aggravated by _______ and improved by _______.

Back 22

obesity; exercise

Front 23

What causes reactive hypoglycemia?

Back 23

Islets secrete too much insulin in response to a rise in blood glucose concentration.

Front 24

2 adrenal hormones involved in energy regulation:

Back 24

1. epinephrine (adrenal medulla)
2. glucocortioids (adrenal cortex)

Front 25

Epinephrine stimulates__________ and ________ and activates increased metabolism of ______ fat.

Back 25

glycogenolysis; lipolysis; brown

Front 26

2 processes promoted by glucocorticoids:

Back 26

1. breakdown of muscle protein
2. conversion of amino acids to glucose in the liver

Front 27

Thyroxine stimulates _____________.

Back 27

rate of cell respiration throughout the body

Front 28

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Back 28

rate at which energy (and oxygen) is consume by the body at rest

Front 29

Thyroxine promotes _________ and is needed for proper ____________ and ___________, especially of the CNS.

Back 29

protein synthesis; body growth; development

Front 30

(def)

specific actions the nurse takes that are designed to assist the client to achieve expected client outcomes

Back 30

Goal

Front 31

Growth hormone stimulates _______ and inhibits __________.

Back 31

catabolism of lipids; glucose utilization

Front 32

Growth hormone also stimulates ____________ and thus promotes body growth.

Back 32

protein synthesis

Front 33

Somatomedins

Back 33

polypeptides called insulin-like hormones which produce the anabolic effects of growth hormone

Front 34

Bone contains _______ and _______ in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals.

Back 34

calcium; phosphate

Front 35

Bone serves as a reserve supply of calcium and phosphate for the _______.

Back 35

blood

Front 36

Osteoblasts

Back 36

form bone

Front 37

Osteoclasts

Back 37

reabsorb bone

Front 38

Parathyroid hormone stimulates __________ and ___________, thus raising the blood calcium concentration.

Back 38

bone resorption; calcium resorption in the kidneys

Front 39

What stimulates secretion of parathyroid hormone?

Back 39

decreased blood calcium levels

Front 40

Parathyroid hormone inhibits ________.

Back 40

resorption of phosphate in the kidneys, so more phosphate is excreted in urine

Front 41

What secretes calcitonin?

Back 41

parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

Front 42

A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates secretion of _________.

Back 42

calcitonin

Front 43

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium by inhibiting _____ and stimulating _________.

Back 43

bone resorption; urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate