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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The life-course is dominant view in the social science because of its emphasis on what?
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On the interrelations between the individual and society through the emphasis on historical time.
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Systematic observation is...
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watching people and carefully recording what they do or say.
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Naturalistic observation is...
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when people are observed as they behave spontaneously in some real-life situation.
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Structured observation is...
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researcher creates a setting that is particularly likely to elicit the behavior of interest.
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Using a structured observation, an investigator might stage ...
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an emergency
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Asking children to judge emotions from photos may not be valid because...
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photos underestimate real life
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Reliability is...
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reliability of measure is the extent to which it provides a consistent index of a characteristic.
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Validity is...
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validity of a measure refers to whether it really measures what researchers think it measures.
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A measure of friendship is valid only if ...
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only if it is shown to actually measure friendship (and not love, for example)
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Examples of a population
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All Canadian 7-year-olds or all Ukrainian-Canadian grandparents.
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Sample
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-subset of a population
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Which 3 designs do human development researchers rely on in planning their work?
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-qualitative
-correlational -experimental |
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What do researchers look at in a qualitative study?
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-at the experiences and processes about which very little is known.
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What do quaNTitative research use to collect and measure responses for analysis?
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-questionnaires or research scales
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What do quaLitative research use to collect and measure responses for analysis?
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-they collect data through in-depth interviews or observation.
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(quantitative/qualitative)
Generally, __________ studies have fewer participants than _______ studies. |
Qualitative studies have fewer.
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The results of a correlational study are usually measured by calculating a __________.
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-correlation coefficient (abbreviated r)
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When r= 0 in a correlational study, what does this mean?
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-r=0 <--2 variables are completely unrelated
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When r is greater than 0 in a correlational study, this means...
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-Scores are related positively (eg. People who are smart tend to have more friends than people who are not as smart. More intelligence is associated with having more friends)
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When r is less than 0 in a correlational study, this means...
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-Scores are related, but inversely.
(eg. People who are smart tend to have fewer friends than people who are not as smart.) |
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When investigators want to track causes, they resort to different design, an __________.
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experimental study
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A factor being manipulated in an experimental study is called...
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the independent variable
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The behavior being observed in an experimental study is called...
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the dependent variable
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An example of an Experimental study...
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Studying with or without music and seeing how this affects scores on tests.
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Cross-sectional studies are affected by __________, which means that differences between age groups (cohorts) may result as easily from environmental events as from developmental processes.
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cohort effects.
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Example of cohort effect..
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Think of the study measuring creativity in young and middle-aged adults.. If young adults are found to be more creative, it doesn't necessarily mean that creativity declines between these ages.
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Qualitative design definition (p. 31)
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-Examine "the lived experience" through in-depth interviews.
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Weaknesses of qualitative design:
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-cannot determine cause, very time-consuming, and usually involve small samples.
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Strengths of qualitative design:
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-allow for rich descriptions and greater understanding.
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Sequential design definition:
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Multiple groups of people are tested over time, based on either multiple longitudinal or cross-sectional designs.
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a strength of Sequential design..
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Best way to address limitation of single longitudinal and cross-sectional designs.
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______ decided to study 3 main types of memory: short term memory, working memory, and long-term memory.
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Denise Park
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Sequential design is based on...
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cross-sectional and longitudinal designs..
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Sequential design begins with ...
At some regular interval, the researcher then adds.. |
a simple cross-sectional or longitudinal design.
additional cross-sectional or longitudinal designs, resulting in a sequence of these designs. |
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Sequential designs help to..
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isolate cohort effects and they help determine whether age-related changes are due to participant dropout or to some other cause.
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Many professions, such as nursing and medicine, strive to incorporate research results into their everyday practice. This is commonly referred to as...
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Evidence-based practice (EBP)
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3 problems with using photos to measure understanding of emotions.
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1) in real life, facial features are usually moving
2) in real life, facial expressions are often accompanied b sounds 3) children most often judge facial expressions of people they know |
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Red blood cells carry _________ and _________ to and from the body,
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Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the body.
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When cells can't pass through small capillaries, and oxygen therefore cannot reach all parts of the body and the way of white blood cells are blocked, what disease does a person have?
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Sickle-cell disease
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Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine are made up of...
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phosphates and sugars,
they wrap around each other, creating a double helix |
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The order in which the chemical compound 'beads' A,T,C, & G appear is really a code that causes the ____ to create specific ________, __________ and _________.
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causes the cells to create specific amino acids, proteins and enzymes---important biological building blocks.
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A gene is
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each group of compounds that provides a specific set of biochemical instructions.
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Genes come in different forms that are called ________.
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alleles
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In the case of red blood cells, 2 ______ can be present on chromosome 11. One has instructions for normal blood cells; another has instructions for sickle-shaped red blood cells.
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alleles
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When the ______ in a pair of chromosomes are the same, this is known as being _________.
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alleles, homozygous.
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When the ______ differ in the pair of chromosomes, this is known as being _________.
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alleles, heterozygous.
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When a person is heterozygous, often one ________ is dominant, and the recessive one is ignored.
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When a person is heterozygous, often one allele is dominant and the recessive one is ignored.
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In sickle-cell disease, the allele for _______ cells is dominant and the allele for sickle-shaped cells is ________.
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the allele for NORMAL cells is DOMINANT. The allele for sickle-shaped cells is recessive.
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Sometimes one allele does not dominate another completely, a situation known as ______________.
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incomplete dominance
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When a person has _________, they have one dominant and one recessive allele and in most situations they have no problems but when they're seriously short of oxygen, they suffer a temporary, mild form of this disease.
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sickle-cell trait
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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is...
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a disorder in which babies are born lacking an important liver enzyme.
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The enzyme lacking in PKU converts _________ into _________.
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phenylalanine into amino acids that are required for normal body functioning.
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What is phenylalanine?
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It's a protein found in dairy products, bread, diet soda, and fish.
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Without the enzyme lacking in PKU, __________ accumulates and produces _________ that harm the __________.
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phenylalanine accumulates and produces poisons that harm the nervous system, (resulting in mental delay.)
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What is a disease characterized by a progressive degeneration of the nervous system and caused by a dominant allele found on chromosome 4?
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Huntington's Disease
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Why is the likelihood of giving birth to a child with Downs Syndrome more likely for an older woman?
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A woman's eggs have been in her ovaries since her own prenatal development. Eggs may deteriorate over time as a part of aging or b/c an older woman has a longer history of exposure to hazards in the environment,such as X-rays that may damage her eggs.
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Nearly ____ of all fertilized eggs abort spontaneously within 2 weeks, primarily because of _______.
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half, abnormal autosomes.
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Phenotypes depend on both the _______ and the _______ in which a person develops.
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genotype, environment
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What is the branch of genetics that deals with inheritance of behavioral and psychological traits?
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Behavioral genetics.
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What is polygenic inheritance?
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When phenotypes reflect the combined activity of many separate genes. The pattern is known as polygenic inheritance.
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Monozygotic twins come from..
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a a single fertilized egg that splits in 2.
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Dizygotic twins come from...
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two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm.
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What's a potential flaw in twin studies?
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People may treat monozygotic twins more similarly than they treat dizygotic twins. This would make monozygotic twins more similar in their experiences.
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"Reaction range" refers to...
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the fact that the same genotype can produce a range of phenotypes, in reaction to the environment where development takes place.
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Teenage girls begin to menstruate at a younger age if they've had a ________ childhood.
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stressful
(environment advancing developmental clock.) |
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Niche-picking is..
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The process of deliberately seeking environments that fit ones heredity.
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Nonshared environmental influences are...
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They are the forces within a family that make children different from one another.
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Prenatal development
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The many changes that transform the fertilized egg into newborn human. Takes on average 38 weeks.
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Of the 200 to 500 million sperm that enter the vagina, only a few hundred will make it to ..
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The fallopian tubes.
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Before chromosomes are interchanged, what happens?
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The nuclei of the egg and sperm fuse.
(After the sperm finally penetrates the cellular wall of the egg, chemical changes occur in the wall immediately, blocking out all other sperm) |
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In vitro fertilization 1
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mixing sperm and egg together in a petri dish and then placing several fertilized eggs in the mother's uterus, with the hope that they will become implanted in the uterine wall.
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In vitro fertilization 2 & 3
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Injecting many sperm directly into the fallopian tubes or a single sperm directly into an egg.
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Zygote
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the technical term for the fertilized egg
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Zygote grows rapidly through
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cell division
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Occasionally, the zygote separates into 2 clusters that develop into...
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identical twins
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By the end of the first week, the zygote reaches the _______. The next step is ________.
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uterus, implantation (zygote burrows into the uterine wall and establishes connections with a woman's blood vessels).
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Implantation takes how long?
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a week
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germ disc
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small cluster of cells near the center of the zygote that will eventually develop into a baby
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The layer of cells closest to the uterus will become the _________
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placenta
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Placenta
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structure through which nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the mother and developing organism.
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