Human Development - Exam 1

Front 1

The scientific method involves five basic steps: ____.

Back 1

identify a question to be investigated; form a hypothesis; choose a research method and a research design; collect data to test the hypothesis; and draw conclusions that lead to new questions and hypotheses

Front 2

A ____ is the researcher's idea about one possible answer to the question of interest.

Back 2

hypothesis

Front 3

Whose theory is not a stage theory of human development, but rather a theory that focuses on the multiple influences that shape human development in the social environment?

Back 3

Bronfenbrenner

Front 4

A basic statistical principle of scientific research is that correlation _____.

Back 4

does not imply causation

Front 5

In an experiment, what group does NOT receive the treatment?

Back 5

control group

Front 6

Which of the following best describes a debriefing within scientific research?

Back 6

Subjects must be told the true purpose of the study and the reason for any deception that may have been part of the study.

Front 7

What term is used in the text to refer to the most affluent countries in the world?

Back 7

developed countries

Front 8

____ includes an individual's educational level, income level, and occupational status.

Back 8

Socioeconomic status

Front 9

Which theory of human development has endured better?

Back 9

Erikson's psychosocial theory

Front 10

____ is the number of births per woman.

Back 10

Total fertility rate

Front 11

Qualitative data is ____, whereas quantitative data is ____.

Back 11

non-numerical; numerical

Front 12

Which of the following is usually comprised of people who have research experience themselves and therefore have experience that enables them to judge whether the research being proposed follows reasonable ethical guidelines?

Back 12

Institutional Review Board

Front 13

According to the text, infertility rates have remained constant over the past century at the rate of ____.

Back 13

10–15%

Front 14

During the embryonic period, the ectoderm is formed, which will become the ____.

Back 14

skin, hair, nails, sensory organs and nervous system

Front 15

Rashid and Varsha are seeking fertility treatment and were informed by their physician that Rashid's sperm count is low and the quality is poor. Which of the following suggestions were made to help increase his sperm production and quality?

Back 15

Quit smoking, decrease alcohol consumption, and do not abuse drugs.

Front 16

How is infertility defined?

Back 16

inability to conceive after trying for a year

Front 17

____ uses high-frequency sound waves that are directed toward the uterus, and as they bounce off the fetus, they are converted by a computer to an image that can be viewed on a screen

Back 17

Ultrasound

Front 18

Males begin producing sperm ____, whereas females produce ova ____

Back 18

at puberty; while in the womb

Front 19

It has been discovered that the fetus responds to sound at the end of the sixth month. What sound does the fetus prefer at this time?

Back 19

its mother's voice

Front 20

Which of the following have a 100% genetic similarity to each other?

Back 20

monozygotic twins

Front 21

According to the text, chromosomes are composed of complex molecules known as _____.

Back 21

DNA

Front 22

The use of fertility drugs increases the likelihood of all of the following except ____.

Back 22

decreased bone density

Front 23

Approximately how many genes comprise the human genome?

Back 23

23,000

Front 24

An infant born with facial deformities, heart problems, misshapen limbs, and a variety of cognitive problems, such as mental retardation, has characteristics of which of the following?

Back 24

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Front 25

Who devised the Apgar scale?

Back 25

Dr. Virginia Apgar

Front 26

What is one of the most important indicators of a neonate's survival and healthy development?

Back 26

birth weight

Front 27

Whereas adults typically spend about 20% of their time in REM sleep, what percentage of time do neonates spend in REM sleep?

Back 27

50%

Front 28

Your friend just brought her newborn home and was very concerned that her baby's head was not right. There were two spots that seemed like the skull did not close. She thinks that there is a problem; what do you think?

Back 28

There is no problem. Those spots are fontanels and are supposed to be there.

Front 29

How long will it take before the pieces of the skull grow together and the fontanels disappear?

Back 29

18 months

Front 30

Breast-feeding in developing countries is extremely important. UNICEF estimates that ____ babies die each year because they are bottle-fed rather than breast-fed

Back 30

1.5 million

Front 31

According to the text, what are neonates who weigh less than 90% of what they should for their gestational age referred to as?

Back 31

small for date

Front 32

Why is a neonate rated on the Apgar scoring system at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes after birth?

Back 32

A neonate's condition can change quickly.

Front 33

Which the following are three major benefits of breast-feeding?

Back 33

the passing of antibodies, increased cognitive development, and reduced childhood obesity

Front 34

What did the research examining the concept of bonding in humans discover?

Back 34

that not bonding immediately with a caregiver after birth does not cause developmental problems later in life for infants

Front 35

On average, how long does the second stage of the birth process, delivery, last?

Back 35

30 minutes–1 hour

Front 36

In developed countries prior to the 1960s, who was excluded from childbirth?

Back 36

fathers

Front 37

According to the World Health Organization, it is recommended that women breast-feed for a period of ____.

Back 37

2 years, with solid foods being introduced at 6 months

Front 38

What term refers to the gradual decrease in attention to a stimulus after repeated presentations?

Back 38

habituation

Front 39

What is the still-face paradigm?

Back 39

a research method in which parents are to show no emotion

Front 40

Having only used his own children as subjects, Piaget greatly underestimated the influence of ____ on cognitive development.

Back 40

culture

Front 41

It is known that malnutrition leads to ____.

Back 41

poorer cognitive development in both verbal and spatial intelligence

Front 42

What measure positively predicts memory ability on other tasks in infancy?

Back 42

speed of habituation

Front 43

Chess and Thomas (1984) classified the infants into their three categories and then followed these infants as they developed into adulthood. What did they find?

Back 43

Temperament in infancy predicted later development.

Front 44

According to Piaget, when new information is altered to fit an existing scheme, what has occurred?

Back 44

assimilation

Front 45

If one were to pair a difficult tempered infant with a parental approach that is high in anger and frustration, one might predict which of the following outcomes?

Back 45

a child who is defiant and disobedient

Front 46

____ refers to positive or negative responses to social interactions.

Back 46

Sociability

Front 47

In recent decades, research has determined that Piaget's theory was very useful in terms of ____.

Back 47

its overall description of infant cognitive development

Front 48

Because they are a way of processing and organizing information, reflexes are a type of ____.

Back 48

scheme

Front 49

Dishabituation is defined as ____.

Back 49

the revival of attention when a new stimulus is presented following several presentations of a previous stimulus

Front 50

Your friend has a 6-month-old daughter who is has been a really good baby, but now she is irritable and is reluctant to bottle-feed. She thinks that she is doing something wrong as a mother. What would you tell her? Her daughter is ____.

Back 50

probably teething