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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Epidermis
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Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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Dermis
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Underlying CT
w/ Papillary & Reticular Layer |
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Papillary Layer
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Areolar CT
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Reticular Layer
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Dense Irregular CT
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Hypodermis
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Adipose
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Accessory Organs
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Hair & Hair Follicles
Glands |
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Sudoriferous Glands
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secrete sweat
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Sebaceous Glands
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secrete oil (sebum)
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Histology of Epidermis
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Keratinocytes
Melanocytes Langerhan's Cells Merkel Cells |
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Keratinocytes
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Filled w/ keratin
surrounded by glycolipids tightly connected by desmosomes always being formed, move up, die, fall off lifespan 25-40 days |
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Human Defensin
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secreted by keratinocytes
pokes holes in bacteria |
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Melanocytes
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cells w/ long thin projections
form melanosomes(to keratinocytes) form shield around nuclei surface |
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Langerhan's cells
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long thin projections
macrophages consume foreign material & present to lymphocytes(immune) |
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Merkel cells
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Epidermal side of basement membrane
Sensory nerve ending on dermal side of basement membrane Sense pressure & Texture |
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Layers of Epidermis
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Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Licudum Stratum Corneum |
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Stratum Basale
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Deepest, 1 cell thick, actively dividing
Melanocytes & Merkel cells |
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Stratum Spinosum
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Several layers of keratinocytes
cells contain pre-keratin protein Langerhan's cells |
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Stratum Granulosum
-cells toughen up |
3-5 cell layers
cells flatten & fill w/ keratin secrete glycolipids (waterproof) membrane thickens w/ protein |
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Stratum Lucidum
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thin clear layer
only thick skin |
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Stratum Corneum
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20-30 dead cell layers
resistant to bio., chem. & mech. assault |
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Cells of Dermis
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fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells & WBC
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Matrix of Dermis
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Collagen, elastin & reticular fibers
-binds body together |
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Histology of Dermis
-Sense/Transport |
Nerve fibers & sensory receptors
Blood & lymphatic vessels |
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Papillary layer of Dermis
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Areolar CT (fill dermal papilla)
holds skin layers together ridges on hands & feet increase function |
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Reticular layer of Dermis
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Dense Irregular CT
lines of cleavage -less dense regions in planes // to surface flexure lines |
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Eccrine Glands
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Sweat, 99% water
slightly acidic contains antibodies & some metabolic wastes Function - prevent overheating |
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Apocrine Glands
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Sweat glands in axillary & anogenital areas
more fatty substances & proteins begin @ puberty organics compose --> body odor |
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Ceruminous Glands
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modified apocrine glands
secrete wax in ears |
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Mammary Glands
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modified sweat gland
produces milk |
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Function of Sebaceous Glands
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Soften/lubricate hair
Decrease water loss some lipids inhibit growth of gram+ bacteria |
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Parts of Hair
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Shaft & Root
Medulla, Cortex & Cuticle (Epidermal cells) Matrix(active divide cells in root bulb) Melanocytes |
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Parts of Hair Follicle
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Internal root sheath & external root sheath (epidermal cells), glassy membrae & CT sheath
Hair Papilla (like dermal pap. w/ capillary plexus) Sebaceous Gland Arrector pili muscle (goose bumps) Root Hair Plexus |
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Function of Body Hair
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Sense insects
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Function of Scalp Hair
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Protect from physical trauma, heat loss & sunlight
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Function of Eyelashes
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Sunlight
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Nose Hairs
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Filters
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Terminal Hairs
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Coarse & grow in response 2 androgens
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Vellus Hairs
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Fine body hairs of kids & adult females
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each follicle has a cycle of a ...
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Growth Phase &
Resting Phase |
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Thermoreceptors in skin
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detect changes in body temp.
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Control Center
(temp control) |
Hypothalamus in brain
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Effectors
(temp control) |
sweat glands, blood vessels, muscle cells & metabolism
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Responses to cool body
(temp control) |
sweat, vasodilation, slow metabolic rate & decreased muscle contraction
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Responses to warm body
(temp control) |
vasoconstriction of dermis/blood vessels & shivering
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Types of Cancer
3 |
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Melanoma |
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Basal Cell Carcinoma
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Least Maligents, Most Common
Cells invade underlying layers Slow growing usually identified/excises prior to metastisis |
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Squamous Cell Carinoma
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Keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
Scaly reddish papule Grows rapidly & metastasizes if not removed |
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Melanoma
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Melanocytes
Most dangerous, on 5% all skin cancers Spreading brown/black patch metastasizes rapidly to surround lymph & blood vessels |
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Malignant
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Cancer
spread, invade near tissues/blood vessels & metastasize Bad 'Mal' |
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Benign
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Not Cancer
local, not spread Good 'Bien' |
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Burns
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Tissue Damage caused by heat, elec., radiation or chem.
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Medical Concerns
of Burns |
Fluid loss --> renal shutdown
Extra calories via IV >24 hours = infection Immune System deficient w/n 2 days |
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1st Degree Burn
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Epidermal Damage only
heals w/n 2-3 days |
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2nd Degree Burn
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Epidermal & superficial dermis
blistering heals w/n 3-4 weeks |
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3rd Degree Burn
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entire skin thickness
must repair w/ a graft |
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Critical Burns
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>25% - 2nd Degree
>10% - 3rd Degree 3rd Degree on face/hands/feet |
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Tumor
(Neoplasms) |
Uncontrolled Cell Division
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Hyperplasia
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Faster than normal cell division & growth
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Dysplasia
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Abnormal formation of cells
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Carcinoma in Situ
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severe dysplasia
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Proto-Oncogenes
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Normal cell growth
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Oncogenes
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Cancer cell growth
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Tumor Suppressor Genes
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act like brake pedal in cell division
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p53
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Tumor Suppressor Protein
Triggers cell suicide 'emo cell' |
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mutagen
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mutate DNA in genes
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carcinogen
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cause cancer
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change in DNA sequence
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mutation
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carcinoma
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true cancer
involve epithelial tissue |
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leukemia
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WBC cancer
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lymphoma
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lymph cell cancer
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sarcoma
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CT & muscle cancer
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acute
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serious/immediate
cancer |
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synergy
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2 factors that multiply effect
sum>parts |
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Histology
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Study of tissues
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tissue
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group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function
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Types of Tissues
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Epithelial
Connective Muscular Nervous |
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Epithelial Tissue
2 types |
Membranous (covering/lining)
& Glandular |
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Features of Epithelium
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Closely packed
Continuous sheets, single/multi. Polarity(Apical/Basal surface) Avascular Support by CT = reticular lamina Basement membrane Nerve supply Wear & tear |
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Avascular
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no blood supply
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Basement Membrane
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layer of material that separates epithelium from CT
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Classification of Epithelium
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Cell Shape
-Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Transitional(stretchy) Layers -Simple, Pseudostratified, Stratified |
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Diffusion & Filtration
Found in alveoli, <3 lining, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels line ventral body cavity Endothelium(lines vessels lumen) Mesothelium(lines serous membranes) |
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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Secretion & Absorption
Found in lining ducts & tubules of secrete/absorb.(kidneys, salivary glands, pancreas) |
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
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Absorption
Secrete mucous(Goblet cells), enzymes or other substances Cilia moves mucous & reproduct. cells Non cilia forms microvilli(no move, absorb) |
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
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some don't reach apical surface
many contain goblet/cilia lumen of trachea, bronchial tubes, sperm ducts |
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Constant. divide basal layer
Cells dehydrate/flatten as move towards apical surface Apical surface sloughed off Function protect deeper layers Keratinized stratified squamous - skin Nonkeratinized stratified squamous - mucosa Oral cavity, pharynx, nasal cavity, vag, anal canal |
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium
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Uncommon
Function in secretion/protection Male urethra & large ducts of some glands |
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Transitional Epithelium
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Allow tissue 2 stretch
Only in urinary tract-bladder |
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Glandular Epithelium
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Endrocrine Glands
-Ductless, secrete into ECF, produce hormones Exocrine Glands -Secrete product onto apical surface of membranous epithelium & secrete mucous, sweat, oil, wax, digestive enzymes |
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Epithelial Membranes
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-Epithelium, basement membrane, underlying CT proper(loose or dense CT)
-Describes location of epithelium in body -3 types, Cutaneous, Serous & Mucous Membranes |
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Cutaneous Membranes
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Skin (air exposure)
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium + dense irregular CT Only dry membrane |
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Serous Membranes
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line ventral body cavity
simple squamous(mesothelium) + areolar CT Secretes serous fluid rich in hyaluronic fluid(lubricates surfaces of body cavities) |
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Mucous Membranes
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Wet Membrane
Line passageways to exterior Usually stratified squamous or variety of columnar epithelium + loose CT called 'lamina propria' |
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Muscle Tissue
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Function : Contraction
3 Types: Skeletal/striated (voluntary) Visceral/smooth Cardiac (involuntary) |
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Nervous Tissue
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Function: Communication
Cells - Neurons (info) Neuroglial (supporting) cells |
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Tissue Repair
Homeostatis |
Regeneration(replacement of destroyed tissues w/ same tissue)
& Fibrosis formation(scar)-replacement w/ fibrous CT |
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3 Steps to Skin Repair
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Inflammation
Organization Permanent Repair |
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Inflammation
Step 1 |
WBC release inflammatory chem. that increase blood supply & permeability of vessels, more cells migrate from blood 2 injured site
Clotting factors seal damaged blood vessels |
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Organization
Step 2 |
Blood clot replaced by granulation tissue(fibroblasts/capillaries)
Macrophages consume cellular debris & pathogens |
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Permanent Repair
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Epithelium Regenerates
Scab Detaches Scar tissue remains |
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Connective Tissue
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Most abundant tissue type
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Function of CT
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Binds together, supports & strengthens other body tissues
Protects & insulates internal organs Compartmentalizes structures Transports substances |
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Types of CT
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Connective tissue proper(fat, fibrous CT)
Cartilage Bone Blood |
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General Features of CT
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All derived from embryonic mesenchyme(simple)
Vascularized, (but varies) Composed of matric & cells -Matrix(ECM) =ground substance & protein fibers |
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Ground Substances
CT Matrix |
Fills space b/w cells, contains fibers
Composed of Interstitial fluid (ECF), cell adhesion proteins and proteoglycans (protein +carbohydrate/glycosaminoglycans) Acts as molecular sieve though dissolved nutrients & wastes diffuse |
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Fibers
3 types |
Collagen Fibers
Elastic Fibers Reticular Fibers |
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Collagen Fibers
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Rope/cable-no stretch
Strength Resistant to pulling, yet flexible |
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Elastic Fibers
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Smaller than collagen(thinner)
Contain elastin Provide strength & elasticity In skin, blood vessels & lungs Can stretch be spiral |
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Reticular Fibers
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Fine collagenous proteins
Continuous w/ collagen fibers Branch from collagen fibers forming networks (reticula=network) Support for walls of blood vessels, nerve fibers, skeletal & smooth muscle(anchors ground substances, keep in place) |
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Cells found in CT
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Immature cells -blast, mitotic & secrete matrix
-Fibroblasts (CT Proper) -Chondroblasts (cartilage) -Osteoblasts (bone) -Hematopoietic stem cells (blood) Mature Cells - cyte, less active (done dividing, ready) |
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Other Cells
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Fat Cells
WBC include: -Mast calls --> Heparine, histamine, proteases -Macrophages --> phagocytosis -Plasma Cells --> antibiodies |
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Anti-histomines
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reduce swelling by dialating blood vessels, open gaps, more fluid flow
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Mesenchyme
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Embryonic
Develops into all other forms of CT Mucous CT (jellylike, only found in umbilical cord) |
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Loose CT
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Fibers loosely arranged
Many cells 3 Types: -Areolar CT, Adipose, Reticular CT |
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Areolar CT
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Gel-like, all 3 fibers, fluid mostly hyaluronic acid
Fiber irregular(all directions) Many cells(fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells) Surrounds organs, capillaries, muscle fibers & groups(fascias), part of subcutaneous layer of skin Edema-mast cells-->histamine-->blood vessels leak |
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Adipose
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Similar to areolar but most cells adipocytes
Triglycerides fill most of adipocytes Highly vascularized Normally 18% of body weight Stores energy, insulates, cushions |
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Reticular CT
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Similar to areolar but reticular fibers are only fibers present
Fine reticular fibers interlace & cells interlace w/n a jellylike matrix forms stroma(meat/framework) of many organs(liver, lymphnodes, bonemarrow) Binds together cells of smooth muscles |
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Dense CT
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Fibers more numerous#, thicker & dense
Includes: -Dense Regular CT(Elastic CT) -Dense Irregular CT |
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Dense Regular CT
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Bundles of Collagen fibers
Regular & // arrangment Resists pulling, but flexible Found in tendons, ligaments & aponeuroses |
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Elastic CT
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Basicaly Dense Regular CT, but w/ a lot of elastic fibers that allow stretching 50% of normal length
Walls of large arteries, portion of larynx, trachea & bronchial tubes |
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Dense Irregular CT
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Collagen fibers irregularly arranged --> strength in many directions
In Dermis, submucosa of GI tract, capsules of organs & joints |
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Cartilage
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More stree than other tissues
No nerves, avascular Dense network of collagen & elastc fibers surrounded by chonroitin sulfate (strength)-ground substances Chondrocytes - found in lacunaw(lagoon) Nutrients must diffuse via matrix Repair is slow |
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Hyaline Cartilage
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Collagen fibers not visible
Ground substance also contians hyaluronic acid(reduce friction) Trachae, bronchi, nose w/e ribs & sternum, articulations of bones Flexible & supportive, reduces friction & shock |
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Fibrocartilage
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Collagen fibers visible
Strong & rigid Pubic symphysis & b/w vertebrae |
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Elastic Cartilage
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Contains elastic fibers
Pinnae, parts of larynx, auditory canal |
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Bone (Osseous) Tissue
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Osteoblasts secrete collagen fibers, followed by calcium salts
Mature Osteocytes reside in lacunae surrounded by layers of bony matrix Nerve supply & vascularized |
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Blood(Vascular) Tissue
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Matrix is plasma(ground substance mostly H20 & fibers dissolved proteins)
Cells include RBC, WBC & platelets |
