Hnf 150 Exam 1 - Msu

Front 1

What is the energy yield for protein?

Back 1

4 Calories/ gram

Front 2

What is the energy yield for a carbohydrate?

Back 2

4 Calories/ gram

Front 3

What is the energy yield of fat?

Back 3

9 Calories/ gram

Front 4

What is the energy yield of alcohol?

Back 4

7 Calories/ gram

Front 5

What are the six classes of nutrients?

Back 5

Water, Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat, Vitamins, and Minerals.

Front 6

What are essential nutrients?

Back 6

Nutrients that the body cannot make itself (or not make fast enough) from other raw materials; these nutrients must be obtained from food to prevent deficiencies.

Front 7

What is meant by nutrient density?

Back 7

Foods rich in nutrients relative to their energy content.

Front 8

What are energy-yielding nutrients?

Back 8

Nutrients that the body can use for energy. They may also supply building blocks for body structures.

Front 9

What is meant by organic and inorganic?

Back 9

Organic means that the nutrient contains the element carbon derived from living things.

Front 10

What is a basic food?

Back 10

Foods that are generally considered to form the basis of a nutritious diet. Also called "whole foods."

Front 11

Enriched or Fortified Food

Back 11

Foods to which nutrients have been added.

Front 12

Fast Food

Back 12

Restaurant foods that are available within minutes after customers order them.

Front 13

Functional Foods

Back 13

A term that reflects an attempt to define as a group the foods known to possess nutrients or non-nutrients that might lend protection against diseases.

Front 14

Medical Foods

Back 14

Foods specially manufactured for use by people with medical disorders and prescribed by a physician.

Front 15

Natural Foods

Back 15

A term that has no legal definition, but it is often used to imply wholesomeness.

Front 16

Nutraceutical

Back 16

A term that has no legal or scientific meaning but is sometimes used to refer to foods, nutrients, or dietary supplements believe to have medicinal effects.

Front 17

Organic Foods

Back 17

Understood to mean foods grown without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers.

Front 18

Partitioned Foods

Back 18

Foods composed of parts of whole foods. They are generally overused and provide few nutrients with many calories.

Front 19

Processed Foods

Back 19

Foods subjected to any process. Depending on the starting material and the process, a processed food may or may not be nutritious.

Front 20

Staple Foods

Back 20

Foods used frequently or daily. If well chose, these foods are nutritious.

Front 21

If a food has 50 grams of protein, 10 grams of carbohydrate and 7 grams of fat, what is the total caloric value of the food?

Back 21

The total caloric value is 303 calories.

Front 22

What is a credible source of nutrition information?

Back 22

A scientist.

Front 23

What are the types of nutrition experts?

Back 23

RD, Dietitian, Nutritionist, Public Health Nutritionist, Diet Technician.

Front 24

Scientific Method

Back 24

The scientific method is a process in which one answer scientific questions. It is made up of 6 to 7 steps.
1. Observation & Question
2. Hypothesis & Prediction
3. Experiment
4. Results & Interpretations
5. Hypothesis Supported / Not
6. Theory/ New Observations & Questions
7. New Observations and Questions

Front 25

Hypothesis/ Null Hypothesis

Back 25

A hypothesis is a tentative solution to the problem of answer to the question. A null hypothesis is used to test differences in treatment and control groups, and the assumption at the outset of the experiment is that no difference exists between the two groups for the variable being compared.

Front 26

Case Study

Back 26

Studies of individuals that yield observations that may lead to possible avenues of research.

Front 27

Epidemiological Study

Back 27

Studies of whole populations that may reveal a correlation.

Front 28

Cross-Sectional Study

Back 28

Studies that occur at one point in time and form a class of research methods that involve observation of some subset of a population of items all at the same time, in which, groups can be compared at different ages with respect of independent variables

Front 29

Intervention Study

Back 29

Studies of population in which observation is accompanied by experimental manipulation of some population members.

Front 30

Randomized Clinical Trial

Back 30

A clinical trial in which the participants are assigned randomly (by chance alone) to different treatments. A clinical trial is a comparison test of medication or other medical treatment, versus a placebo.

Front 31

Placebo/ Placebo - Controlled

Back 31

A placebo is a sham treatment often used in scientific studies. Placebo-controlled is when a placebo is given to one group while the actual medication is given to another group in an experiment.

Front 32

Double-Blind

Back 32

In a double-blind experiment neither the researcher nor the participant knows who received the actual medication and who received the placebo.

Front 33

"p" Value

Back 33

The p-value is the probability of obtaining a result at least as extreme as a given data point, under the null hypothesis.

Front 34

Laboratory Study

Back 34

Studies that are performed under tightly controlled conditions are are designed to pinpoint causes and effects.

Front 35

In Vivo

Back 35

In vivo refers to experimentation done in or on the living tissue of a whole, living organism as opposed to a partial or dead one or a controlled environment.

Front 36

In Vitro

Back 36

In vitro refers to the technique of performing a given experiment in a controlled environment outside of a living organism

Front 37

Experimental Group

Back 37

The people or animals participating in an experiment who receive the treatment under investigation.

Front 38

Control Group

Back 38

A group of individuals who are similar in all possible respects to the group being treated in an experiment but who receive a sham treatment instead of the real one.

Front 39

24- Hour Recall

Back 39

The 24-hour recall consists of obtaining information on food and fluid intake for the previous 24 hours. It is based on the assumption that the intake described is typical of daily intake.

Front 40

Food Frequency Questionnaire

Back 40

It identifies foods one most commonly eats. With this data it can provide information about your daily intake of over 90 nutrients.

Front 41

Circulatory System

Back 41

The circulatory system (or cardiovascular system) is an organ system that moves nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from cells, helps fight diseases and helps stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis.

Front 42

Lymphatic System

Back 42

The lymphatic system is a complex network of lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, lymphatic tissues, lymph capillaries and lymph vessels that produce and transport lymph fluid from tissues to the circulatory system.

Front 43

Hormonal System (Endocrine System)

Back 43

The endocrine system is an integrated system of small organs that involve the release of extracellular signaling molecules known as hormones. The endocrine system is instrumental in regulating metabolism, growth and development and puberty, tissue function, and plays a part also in mood.

Front 44

Nervous System

Back 44

The nervous system is a highly specialized network whose principle components are cells called neurons. Neurons are interconnected to each other in complex arrangements, and have the property of conducting, using electrochemical signals, a great variety of stimuli both within the nervous tissue as well as from and towards most of the other tissues.

Front 45

Immune System

Back 45

An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an organism that protects against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells. It detects a wide variety of agents, from viruses to parasitic worms, and needs to distinguish them from the organism's own healthy cells and tissues in order to function properly.

Front 46

Digestive System

Back 46

The digestive tract is the system of organs within multicellular animals that takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. The major functions of the GI tract are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation.

Front 47

Excretory System

Back 47

The excretory system is the system of an organism's body that performs the function of excretion, the bodily process of discharging wastes. It is responsible for the elimination of wastes produced by homeostasis.

Front 48

Storage Systems

Back 48

These systems store and release nutrients to meet the cells' needs between meals.

Front 49

Enzyme

Back 49

Any of a great number of working proteins that speeds up a specific chemical reaction without undergoing change itself.

Front 50

Lymph

Back 50

The fluid that moves from the bloodstream into tissue spaces and then travels in its own vessels, which eventually drain back in to the bloodstream.

Front 51

Artery

Back 51

A blood vessel that carries blood containing fresh oxygen supplies from the heart to the tissues.

Front 52

Vein

Back 52

A blood vessel that carries blood with the carbon dioxide it has collected, from the tissues back to the heart.

Front 53

Plasma

Back 53

The cell-free fluid part of blood and lymph.

Front 54

Hormone

Back 54

a chemical that is secreted by glands into the blood in response to conditions in the body that require regulation. These chemicals serve as messengers, acting on other organs to maintain constant conditions.

Front 55

Insulin

Back 55

A hormone from the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells from the blood.

Front 56

Glucagon

Back 56

A hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream.

Front 57

Adipose Tissue

Back 57

The body's fat tissue, consisting of masses of fat-storing cells and blood vessels to nourish them.

Front 58

Glycogen

Back 58

A storage form of carbohydrate energy (glucose)

Front 59

Pancreas

Back 59

An organ with two main functions. One is an endocrine function - the making of hormones which it releases directly in the blood. The other is an exocrine function - the making of digestive enzymes , which it releases through a duct into the small intestine to assist in digestion.

Front 60

Gallbladder

Back 60

It is a pear-shaped organ that stores about 50 ml of bile until the body needs it for digestion.

Front 61

Bile Duct

Back 61

A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile.

Front 62

Basic Tastes

Back 62

Bitter, Salty, Sour, Sweet, Unami (Savory)

Front 63

What happens to the body in the fight or flight response?

Back 63

Nerves release neurotransmitters, and glands supply the compounds epinephrine and norepinephrine. Every organ of the body responds and metabolism speeds up. The pupils of the eyes widen so that you can see better; the muscles tense up so that you can jump, run, or struggle with maximum strength; breath quickens and deepens to provide more oxygen. The heart races to rush the oxygen to the muscles, and the blood pressure rises so that the fuel the muscles need for energy can be delivered efficiently. The liver pours forth glucose from its stores, and the fat cells release fat. The digestive system shuts down to permit all the body's systems to serve the muscles and nerves. With all action systems at peak efficiency, the body can respond with amazing speed and strength to whatever threatens it.

Front 64

What are the two types of digestion?

Back 64

Physical and Chemical