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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is the current standard, most commonly applied and best psychological theory for behavior change that is currently studied? |
The Transtheoretical Model of change. |
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What are the first three stages of the Transtheoretical Model of change? |
1. Pre-contemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation |
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What are the last three stages of the Transtheoretical Model of change? |
4. Action 5. Maintenance 6. Termination |
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What stage is often a part of the transtheoretical model of change, but not necessarily mandatory? |
Relapse! |
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What is the strategy, and rationale, behind "precontemplation". What are the "tasks" in this stage? What # is this stage, and of what model? |
#1 - Transtheoretical model Tasks: awareness, concern, confidence Rationale: role-modeling, change foreseeable, interested but not ready yet. Strategy: see someone who has changed, start reflecting "why not me" etc |
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What is the rationale, & strategy, behind "contemplation". What are the "tasks" in this stage? What # is this stage, and of what model? |
#2 - Transtheoretical model Tasks: risk-reward analysis & decision Strategy: thinking about change more, but still not actually doing anything Rationale: increased self awareness & contemplation |
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What is the rationale, & strategy, behind "preparation". What are the "tasks" in this stage? What # is this stage, and of what model? |
#3 - Transtheoretical model Tasks: commitient & effective/acceptable plan Strategy: research, assembling materials, telling people Rationale: more preparation & determination to action |
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What is the rationale, & strategy, behind "action". What are the "tasks" in this stage? What # is this stage, and of what model? |
#4 - Transtheoretical model Tasks: adequate implementation of plan Strategy: starting what you set out to do. Rationale: accomplishing the task/change you wanted to make. departure from normal behaviour. |
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What is the rationale, & strategy, behind "maintenance". What are the "tasks" in this stage? What # is this stage, and of what model? |
#5 - Transtheoretical model Tasks: integration into lifestyle. Strategy: continually exhibiting the behaviour and it becomes routine! Rationale: reinforce & habituate the behaviour. |
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What is the rationale, & strategy, behind "termination". What are the "tasks" in this stage? What # is this stage, and of what model? |
#6 - Transtheoretical model Tasks: integration into lifestyle. Strategy: behaviour is v. much routine now, keep displaying it Rationale: significant enough change has occurred that you're unlikely to relapse now. now it is UNCONSCIOUS. |
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What allows for the transfer of knowledge into action? (4) |
Internal factors including: • values • attitudes • beliefs • Motivation (&) external factors
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Knowledge alone isn't enough. Everyone knows smoking is bad, for example. |
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How are values acquired? |
Through socialisation |
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Define attitudes |
Value-based social judgments and evaluations |
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Define beliefs |
propositions that a person regards as true |
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When are facts misinterpreted to remove & neutralize contradictions? Provide an example. |
When knowledge is inconsistent with attitudes and values. e.g. I know smoking causes lung cancer.. not everyone smoker gets cancer though..but I won't get cancer. |
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Does attitude change precede behavioural change? Why/why not? Example? |
Not necessarily. Smokers can have a negative attitude about smoking, but still smoke. |
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What can influence attitudes, behaviourally. Give an example. |
Behaviour change can often precede attitude change. E.g. people who have quit smoking may then form a very negative opinion of smoking and smokers. |
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What are the variables underlying behavioural change? (7) |
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What is the Health Belief model? (theory) What does it do, in one sentence? What 2 elements does it focus on in particular, and give an example of each. |
- a behaviour change cognitive theory - Makes a series of predictions about behaviour suggesting they are based on core beliefs - Perceived threat & net benefits e.g. perceived susceptibility of a disease, perceived benefits of changing your own behaviour |
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What are critiques of the HBM? (3) |
1. Absence of comment about emotional factors 2. Focuses on very conscious info processing and thinking 3. How can we measure core beliefs?
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1. What is the Theory of Reasoned Action? (as a theory) 2. What is it, in one sentence? 3. What does it assume? |
1. A cognitive theory of behavioural change 2. That intent leads to behavioural change (includes reflection & influence) 3. It assumes that all people are rational and capable of systematic rational decisions |
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What are limitations of the Theory of Reasoned Action? (3) |
1. PAST performance is a greater predictor, rather than intent 2. Far too rational, leaves out all emotion 3. More emphasis on intent than attitude |
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What is the Theory of Planned Behaviour? (as a theory) What is it an extension of? |
1. A cognitive theory of behavioural change 2. An extension of the theory of reasoned action |
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What is ignored in the theory of planned behaviour? (3) |
- Emotions + self identity - Anticipatory regret - How habits drive behaviour Aka it is too clear cut |
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1. What is the Social Cognitive Theory of changed behaviour? 2. What're the three elements? 3. What is it the first theory to consider? |
1. Behaviour is determined by expectations and incentives 2. Change comes about through a mix of environmental cues, one's action consequences + self efficacy (inc competence) 3. Self-efficacy |
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What is self efficacy? |
Belief in yourself to achieve something |
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1. What does this stand for: HAPA? 2. What type of theory is it? 3. What does it integrate? |
1. Health Action Process Approach 2. A cognitive behavioural change theory 3. Integrates continuous and stage assumptions (it is hybrid) |
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What is HAPA , using its three stages? |
1. Non‐intentional stage: behavioural intention is beingdeveloped 2. Intentional Stage: the person has an intention but remains inactive while the behaviour is planned for 3. Action stage: people are implementing their plans |
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Who invented HLOC? What is the "health locus of control" ? Who invented the HELATH LOC specifically? |
- Rotter - HLOC describes the belief that one's health is dependent upon internal versus external factors. - Wallston & Wallston |
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What does "internal" mean in HLOC? |
if an individual regards their health ascontrollable by them (e.g. “I am directly responsible for myhealth”). |
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What does "external" mean in HLOC? |
if an individual believes their health is notcontrollable by them and in the hands of fate (e.g.“whether I am well or not is a matter of luck”). |
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What does "powerful others" mean in HLOC? |
If an individual regards their heath asunder control of powerful others (e.g. “I can only do what my doctor tells me to do”). |
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What is the result if you have a high internal HLOC? |
More likely totake their own action (e.g. starting an exercise programme). |
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What is the result if you have a high "power of others" influence in HLOC? |
More likely to go to healthclinic and get diet advice. |
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What is the result if you have a high "external LOC"? |
Due to other factors – such as fate or genetics. Can relate their health status to influencing factors. |
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What is the goal of motivational interviewing? |
that the patient, not the practitioner, expresses concerns about the current behaviour and presents arguments for change. |
Look for internal motivation |
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What are the 8 elements of motivational interviewing? |
• giving advice; • removing barriers; • providing choice; • decreasing desirability; • practising empathy; • providing feedback; • clarifying goals; • active helping. |
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What are the 5 principles/values of MI? |
1. Express Empathy 2. Develop Discrepancy (b/w goals & behaviour) 3. Avoid argumentation 4. Roll with resistance (shift strategy) 5. Support self-efficacy |
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What are 4 types of resistance? |
1. Denial 2. Argument 3. Interruption 4. Ignoring |
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What are 3 techniques of motivational interviewing? |
1. Reflective listening 2. Open-ended questions 3. Affirm |
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What are the 4 theorists behind cognitive behavioural therapy? |
Ellis Beck Bandura Linehan |
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What does CBT understand about out beliefs (and therefore behaviour) ? |
Most beliefs we have are not conscious, are habitual or automatic and based upon personal ‘rules’ thatsometimes are not realistic. |
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What does CBT assert that behaviour is caused and controlled by? |
- behaviour is caused and controlled by cognitions (thoughts) – a change in cognitions will result in behaviour change |
"what we think is determined by what we feel" |
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What do CBT therapists help patients understand? (5) |
– How certain negative, unhelpful, or unrealisticthoughts can generate distress – Emotions that appear out ofproportion to the situation – Uncomfortable physical sensations – Maladaptive behaviour – To understand how social and physical aspects of the environment can contribute to distress |
CBT often involves homework! |
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What is "all or nothing" thinking, and what is it an example of? |
- "If I don't get it 100% right then I've absolutely failed" - very black and white! - Dysfunctional thinking/cognitive distortion |
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What is "over generalisation" and what is it an example of? |
"I never get anything right" - signals: "NEVER" - Dysfunctional thinking/cognitive distortion |
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What is "mental filter" and what is it an example of? |
Sure I won, but I made a fool of myself when I slipped at the end. -Dysfunctional thinking/cognitive distortion |
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What is "Disqualifying the positive" and what is it an example of? |
"I did succeed but it was a fluke" - Dysfunctional thinking/cognitive distortion |
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What is "Disqualifying the positive" and what is it an example of? |
"He didn't even acknowledge me, he must think I'm rubbish" - Dysfunctional thinking/cognitive distortion |
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What is "fortune telling" and what is it an example of? |
"I'll never be happy!" - Dysfunctional thinking/cognitive distortion |
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What is "personalizing"? |
- Dysfunctional thinking/cognitive distortion "If we lose its all my fault" |
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What is "emotional reasoning"? |
'Somethings gone wrong, I can just feel it!" - Dysfunctional thinking/cognitive distortion |
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What is "maladaptive thoughts"? |
"I know I'm going to stuff up, I have a vision of it playing in my mind" - Dysfunctional thinking/cognitive distortion |
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What is "should statements" ? |
- Dysfunctional thinking/cognitive distortion - " I should have known this was going to happen" |
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What is "catastrophising" ? |
"I know its the beginning of the end!" - Dysfunctional thinking/cognitive distortion |
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What is "magnification or minimisation" ? |
Problems exaggerated, success diminished - Dysfunctional thinking/cognitive distortion |
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What are the 3 categories of coping strategies within CBT? |
– Problem solving – Social skills and support – Cognitive restructuring (rethin behaviour) |
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What does CBT teach patients to do? (3) |
– Identify – Evaluate and – Respond to dysfunctional thoughts & beliefs |
Massive strong bond b/w patient and therapist/HCP |
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What are the steps for enacting CBT? (5) |
1. Theraputic relationship 2. Assessment 3. Identify goals 4. Apply CBT 5. Evaluate coping skills & application |
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What is the difference between illness and sickness? |
Illness: diagnosed, observable. Sickness: the role the ill takes on/the social status placed upon them by society |
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What is illness? |
The patient's subjective feelings of ill health |
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What are biological aspects that affect health? (2) |
Physiology, genetics |
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What are psychological factors that affect health? (2) |
Cognitive emotions Motivations |
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What are social factors that affect health? (3) |
Society Intrapersonal relationships Family |
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What is the SPIRIT of M.I? (3) |
1. Autonomy (vs authority) 2. Collaboration (vs confrontation) 3. Evocation (vs education) |
A.C.E |
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What are methods that foster change in patients that HCP can utilize? (5). Oars. L. |
O open ended questions A affirm R offer reflective statements or empathetic reflections S summarize
L listen for change talk |
OARS L |
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What are methods that foster change in patients that HCP can utilize? (5) |
O open ended questions A affirm R offer reflective statements or empathetic reflections S summarize
L listen for change talk |
OARS L |
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What does the Theory of Planned Behaviour look at? What are the three elements within this? |
Looks at predictors of health behavioural INTENT. 1. Attitude toward behaviour 2. Subjective norms 3. Perceived behaviour control |
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How is the Theory of Planned Behaviour different to the Theory of Reasoned Action? |
1. It includes behavioural control factors (internal and external) 2. It is an extension of the TRA |
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What is "perceived behavioural control" in the TPB/? / |
Suggests an individual can carry out a behaviour based on internal (skills, abilities, knowledge) and external (I can find a sitter). |
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What are the contexts of change in the Transtheoretical Model? (5) |
1. Current life situations 2. Beliefs & attitudes 3. Interpersonal relationships. 4. Social systems. 5. Enduring personal characteristics |
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What are the "markers of change" in the Transtheoretical Model? (2) |
1. Decisional balance 2. Self efficacy & temptation |
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What is Eustress? |
Beneficial stress! |
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What is "mind reading' in maladaptive behaviour? |
"he didn't even acknowledge me so he mustn't like me" |
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