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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Define Imperialism. |
Imperialism is the extension of one nations authority or control over other lands by economic, political or military means.
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How might imperialism lead to war? |
- Competition for colonies over seas - Exploitation of colonial empires was an economic advantage to the European nation controlling them - Some may not have wanted to be part of that country's control - Quarrels over access to resources and markets putting nation against nation |
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Define Nationalism. |
Nationalism is the deep patriotism and loyalty to the home country which was on the rise in Europe. |
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How might nationalism lead to war? |
- Lots of competition between countries - Wanted their country to be the one in power - Wanted to protect and show the rest of countries that theirs is better |
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Define Militarism. |
Militarism is the policy of building up military forces and weaponry and threatening armed aggression. |
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How might militarism lead to war? |
- Constant competing over military and navy posed a threat and the country wanted to feel protected - Millions of dollars were being spent on military so they felt the need to use this so it doesn't seem like a waste |
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Define Alliances. |
- Britain and its allies were known as the Triple Entente - Germany and its allies were called the Triple Alliance - These alliances were intended to keep peace in Europe |
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How might alliances lead to war? |
- Instead of a conflict remaining between two countries, all other countries in the alliance team up, sparking and entire world war. |
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What were the steps to war? |
June/28/1914 Assassination of Ferdinand , July/23/1914 Austria Hungary demand arrest of leaders of Black Hand , July/24/1914 Serbia appeals to Russia for help , July/25/1914 Serbia refuses to give Black Hand, July/28/1914 Austria Hungary declares war on Serbia, July/29/1914 Germany declares war on Russia, July/3/1914 Germany declares war on France, Aug/4/1914 German troops enter Belgium, Aug/4/1914 Britain declares war on Germany (Canada also) , Aug/12/1914 Austro Hungary invade Serbia, Aug/22/1914 British Expeditionary Force arrives in France |
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What sparked WWI? Describe it. |
In 1914, the archduke of Austria (Franz Ferdinand) was welcomed to the capital of Bosnia. One of the seven (Gavrillo Princip) Serbian terrorists of the Black Hand took their places in the crowd during the parade and fired twice at the car. Franz and his wife were killed. |
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Describe the battle of Ypres. |
- April 22 to May 25 1915 near Ypres Belgium - First major battle with Canadians - First time chlorine gas was used in war (by Germans) - 18, 900 Canadian troops helped stop German advance (helped French and British troops) - Battle ended in a stalemate
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What's the significance of the battle of Ypres? |
Significance: Proved Canadian troops were helpful, gained respect. Stopped the German advance into France. Inspired John McCrae's poem "In Flanders Fields." |
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Describe the battle the Somme? |
- July/1/1916 to Nov/18/1916, Somme in France - General Duglas Haig (British) ordered 2 week bombardment, guns & wire were not affected - Germans were ready for the attack - 85% of Newfoundland regiment destroyed (at the time was not part of Canada) - Many died and were wounded
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What's the significance of the battle of Somme? |
Significance: Commanders changed their tactics because of the bloodshed. NFLD earned "Royal" recognition. Bloodiest war in history. |
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Describe the battle of Vimy Ridge and its significance. |
- April/9-12/1917, seven km long area in France - Canadian Corps under Sir Julian Byng command & General Arthur Currie - Geography made it easy for Germans to defend. - Corps trained with new tactics, soldiers received more info & prep. - Creeping barrage, leap fogging tactics, tunneling for tired soldiers, surprise attack - Victory for Canadians |
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What's the significance of the battle of Vimy Ridge? |
Significance: Represents the first time in the war that all four divisions of Canadian Corps fought together. Gained more ground, prisoners captured more equipment than any other British offensive. Birth of Canadian national pride and awareness. 4 Canadians earned Victoria Cross. Arthur Currie promoted to commander of Canadian Corps. |
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Describe the battle of passchendaele. |
- July 31 1917, Ypres Belgium, October 1917 Canadians joined battle - 100,000 Canadian troops were invaded - Attack part of a larger Ypres offensive, muddy land, no strategic value - Arthur Currie voiced concern but Haig said no. Currie was forced to still plan strategy. - 4,028 Canadians killed 15,000 casualties - After 15 days, Canada captured ridge. After a year, allies abandoned and Germans still had power over land. |
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What's the significance of the battle of Passchendaele? |
- Showed Canadians were the best fighting force of western ridge by claiming ground previously held by Germans - Took 10 years to restore the battle field - No strategic value and high casualties, low point in Canadian military history - 9 Canadians awarded the Victoria Cross |
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Describe The Last Hundred Days. |
- August 8,1918 to November 11, 1918 (France, Amiens) - Canada took back 8 significant land marks (Coral du Mod, Cambra, Mons and Passchendaele) - Canadians pushed Germans back 13km - Canadians able to break defensive lines of Germans - Canadians powered through 50km of German land - 30,000 casualties - Treaty is being negotiated |
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What's the significance of The Last Hundred Days? |
- Usually only push back in units of meters not kilometers - Canada was always an underdog - Showed we are tough, brave and don't give up |
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What's the Western Front? |
The line of trenches that ran alone the French German border. |
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Why trench warfare? |
- New weapons (machine gun, long range artillery) were so deadly that soldiers needed protection of the trench. |
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What were some physical characteristics of the trenches? |
Front line: firing lines were closed to enemy trenches; about 2mx2m wide Barbed Wire: stretches across no man's land to prevent enemy attacks |
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What was No Man's Land? |
The area between trench lines filled with artillery holes, land mines, barbed wire and dead bodies. |
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What was the daily life in the trenches like for soldiers? |
- Front line duty lasted 6 days - Troops stood guard, repaired damage, patrol no man's land and stringed barbed wire - Soldiers would go "over the top" into no man's land |
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What were the conditions like for soldiers in the trenches? |
- Rats and lice - Soldiers were forced to go weeks without washing or changing clothes - Knee deep in water - Trench foot (soldiers feet had to be amputated as a result) - Shell shock (PSD, many were sent to asylums and never recovered) |
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What was the creeping barrage? |
From the front line, artillery would start bombarding no mans land while they would gradually advance. |
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What was the Triple Entente? |
The alliance linking Russia, France, Great Britain, Portugal, Greece, and Romania. |
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What was the Triple Alliance? |
The alliance linking the German Empire, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire. |
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What was the Schlieffen plan? |
The Schlieffen Plan was designed so that the German Army would not have to fight on two fronts. It was launched on 3rd August 1914 as they invaded Belgium. Next, they were to sweep through france and wheel back around to take the Russian front. |
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Why did the Schlieffen plan fail? |
- The plan relied upon rapid movement (Belgians and the BEF prevented this). - Russia mobilised its troops quicker than expected. - The German army started to retreat to easily-defended areas and set up trenches. |
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Who was Sir Arthur Currie? |
Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Currie was made commander of the Canadian Corps in 1917. He was a detailed planner who refused to send his troops into battle without thorough preparations. The Canadians never lost a battle under his command. |
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Describe the Halifax explosion. |
December 6, 1917 (Halifax harbor) Imo (Norwegian relief ship) hits Mont Blanc ship (carrying 3000 tons of ammunition & explosives) At 9:04, Mont Blanc exploded destroying 6km squared, killing 2000, wounding 9000. Canadians had to deal with aftermath,(orphans and bodies), was a main shipping center before explosion,Canadian women started rescue effort, Canadian doctors came from all over to help. |
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What's the significance of the Halifax explosion? |
- Biggest man made explosion in history - Most devastating explosion in Canadian history - Took minds off of war in Europe - Many thought it was an attack on Canada - Casualty of the war |
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What's propaganda? Why was it used? |
The systematic effort to shape peoples beliefs to achieve specific goals. Artists were hired to develop effective images for posters. Used throughout Canada on billboards, in parades, and newspapers to help government achieve wartime aims. |
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How much did the war cost Canada? How did they finance the war? |
- The war cost 1 million dollars each day - Victory Bonds were used so citizens could lend money to the government. After the war, the money would be returned with interest. - Income tax was supposed to be temporary |
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What was the war measures act? |
- Gave the government the power to pass laws without the approval of Parliament. - Could overrule provincial laws, censor news media, tell manufacturers and farmers what to produce, imprison people without trial, and label some people enemies of Canada. |
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What are enemy aliens? |
People living in Canada who had immigrated from enemy countries. They had to carry ID cards, report regularly to authorities, could not read or publish information in languages other than French or English, could not leave country without permission. |
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Describe the recruitment and enlistment of soldiers during WWI. |
- Originally high selection standards lowered as the war went on (minorities began to be accepted) - Majority of those who enlisted were of British decent. - Low numbers of French Canadians because it was viewed as the British war. English was the language of the military. |
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What's conscription? |
Conscription is the forced enlistment of armed forces. In 1914, Prime Minister Borden promised that he would not introduce conscription. |
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When Prime Minister Borden decided conscription was necessary, who were the supporters? |
- Most English-speaking Canadians - Those with family already at war because it would help out their loved ones |
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Who were opposed to conscription? |
- French Canadians (felt WWI was a British war, didn't want to sacrifice sons for it). - Settlers in the West moved to Canada to escape war, didn't want to be forced into another one - Farmers felt they were already doing their part by supplying food, no one to work on farms if young men were consripted |
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What was the Khaki Election? |
In 1917 Prime Minister Borden called an election to resolve the issue. To try to guarantee a win, Borden invited English speaking members from the opposing political part (Liberals) to join with his Conservative part to form the Union Government. |
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What 2 acts did Borden pass to ensure his win? |
1) Military Voters Act - Allows military men to vote for or against the government, not for any other candidates 2) Wartime Elections Act - Gave the right to vote to all women directly related to a serviceman. Cancelled vote for objectors and enemy aliens. |
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What was the outcome of the Khaki election? |
- Win allows Borden to pass the Military Service Act (conscription) - Only 25,000 conscripted men actually made it to the battlefield before the war ended - Caused distrust between Anglophone and Francophone Canadians |
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Describe the Spanish Influenza. |
- Began as a result of the lack of nutritious food in Europe during the war - Spread across globe on crowded ships of soldiers returning home - Authorities closed schools, hospitals, churches, and theaters to control the disease. - 50,000 Canadians died |
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What was the Paris Peace Conference? |
- Held at the Palace of Versailles, France from January to June 1919 - Borden insisted Canada sits at the conference independently - Canada was granted 2 seats but no vote or input on the treaty (symbolic victory) - Borden insisted King George delay signing of treaty until Canadian Parliament debated and approved it - Canada signed the Treaty of Versailles as an independent country |
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What was The Treaty of Versailles? |
- Document that officially ended WWI - Signed at Paris Peace Conference in 1919 - Robert Borden had to right for Canada's right to sign the treaty as an independent nation - According to Borden this act clothed Canada with "new dignity" - Canada's signature on treaty guaranteed Canada a seat and vote in League of Nations |
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In 1917 what happened to Russia? What effect did this have on the war? |
- The Russians revolted against Tsar Nicholas - Demanded "Land, Bread and Peace" - Soldiers and sailor in Russia rebelled and refused to fight |
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What was the precise day and time the war ended? What is significant about this day now? |
- An armistice was signed on November 11, 1918 at 11 am on the 11th day of the 11th month the war ended. - This day is known as remembrance day |
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What were the first three conditions that Germany had to agree to when they surrendered? |
1) National determination for all people 2) Freedom of the seas 3) Open peace treaties rather than secret agreements |
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Which leaders had the most influence on the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? |
French (Georges Clemenceau) and British ( Lloyd George) - Both wanted a harsh treaty with Germany punished |
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What were the significant conditions imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles? |
Geographical terms: Germany lost all of its colonies, rich coal region was run by France for 15 years, part of Germany was given to Poland Reparations: Germany was to pay money and goods to Great Britain, France and Belgium to repair damage caused by war Military Controls: German Army restricted to 100,000 people (no tanks or heavy guns), not to have air force, navy could only have small ships War Guilt Clause: Foced to sign statement that they were cause of war |
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What was the homefront? |
The civilian sector of a nation at war when its armed forces are in combat abroad. Military forces depend on "home front" civilian support services such as factories to build material to support the military front. |
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Define prohibition. |
The ban on the production and sale of alcohol. |
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How and why did prohibition occur? |
During WWI, temperance organizations and women who had recently received the vote lobbied for prohibition. Alcohol was blamed for many social problems like crime, public drunkenness, family violence, poverty. |
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Describe the prohibition law. |
In Canada, the Federal government controls importing, manufacture and export of alcohol; provinces control licensing, sale and consumption. By 1912, all provinces except Quebec were under prohibition. In 1918-1919 the Federal government legislated that alcohol production stop under the War Measures Act. |
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How did people still get alcohol during the prohibition? |
- If they had lots of money - Some doctors would prescribe alcohol as a "tonic" - Some bought "hooch" from a bootlegger at speakeasies or blind pigs (name for illegal drinking spot). |
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What were the benefits of prohibition? |
- Arrests down 93% - Less alcohol consumption (it was expensive) - Fewer police needed - Some jails closed - Savings doubled among working classes - Domestic violence down - More productivity at work |
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What were the negatives of prohibition? |
- Increase in organized crime, smuggling - Decrease in provincial tax dollars - Jobs lost |
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What was the reaction to prohibition? |
- Very unpopular with most Canadians. - After 1921 most provinces replaced temperance laws with rules to control the manufacture, distribution and sale of alcohol. |
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What was the persons case? |
- Famous five fought in this case and won - Women can now work, get paid equally, vote, be appointed as senators and not be obligated to marriage and kids - Provided many job opportunities and gave equal rights for women - There's a statue on Parliament hill to represent the Person's Case |
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Who was the group of seven? |
- Group of artists that developed a new style - Included J. E. H. MacDonald, Lawren S. Harris, Franklin Carmichael, Arthur Lismer, F.H. Varley, A.Y. Jackson, and Franz Johnston - The group wanted to produce a style that expressed how landscapes made them feel - At first, paintings were rejected because they were not the typical European style but became popular over time |
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Who was Lionel Conacher? |
- A multi sport athlete who competed professionally in 8 different sports - Has been inducted into 4 hall of fame's...hockey, Canadian football, lacrosse and the Canadian sports hall of fame |
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What were flappers? |
- Flappers were fun loving, rebellious and free thinking women - They smoked, wore makeup, drank, spoke their own language, danced and had little worries - Wore short skirts brassieres and short hair - Inspired the average woman to be free thinking and outspoken - Rebelled against the social expectations |
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What was the Model T? |
- Built in Walkerville, ON for the Canadian and Empire market by Ford Motor Company - Affordable, price fell from $850 to $300 per car - Simple to drive, cheap to repair - During mid-1920's over half were Model T's - Popular with farmers, could get produce to market - Accelerated urbanization |
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Who was Mary Pickford? |
- Born in Toronto 1893 - Started working in films when she was five years old and made 10 dollars a day - In 1920's she became a major Hollywood star - At the peak of her career she made 10,000 per week - Founded the film company United Artists
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What was radio in the 1920's? |
- Edward Rogers invented the AC radio which allowed people to listen to it without headsets. - Rogers Majestic Radio company sold battery-less radios - Most Canadians listened to U.S. stations because they had stronger signals - Families listened to 3-4 hours of radio/night |
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What were residential schools? |
- Schools where Aboriginal children had to work, study and live - Ran by government and churches - Wanted Aboriginal children to forget their own culture by forcing them to speak english, removing them from their homes and traditions - Aboriginal children ages 7-15 were obligated to attend these schools |
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Who was Fredrick Banting? |
- Part of research department at U of T Faculty of Medicine - Discovered insulin as an effective cure and treatment for diabetes - Won a Nobel prize |
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What was the league of nations? |
- Created by the Treaty of Versailles - Goal was to preserve peace & improve quality of life of all nations - Based on principle of collective security (similar to alliances) - Sanctions could be imposed on offending nations - As a member, Canada was recognized as a nation and important member of the world community - Canada hoped to remain isolationist (didn't want to be drawn into another violent conflict) |
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What was the Chanak Crisis of 1922? |
- Conflict in Turkey involving a revolutionary army trying to occupy the neutral Chanak zone - Britain decided to go to war over the issue & informed press that Canada was also prepared to go but they had not asked Canada yet - Prime Minister Mackenzie King informed British government that only Canada's parliament would decide whether or not they would go - Parliament voted no - The event showed that Canada would no longer follow Britain's lead |
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What was the Halibut Treaty of 1923? |
- Canada and the United States negotiated a fishing agreement - It had been customary for a British representative to sign treaties between Canada and the U.S. - Prime Minister King didn't want Britain to be involved - King sent Canada's Minister of Fisheries to Washington to sign treaty - The U.S. Senate wanted a British signature, but Canada persuaded it to back down |
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What was the King Byng Wing Ding? |
1925 Election: Arthur Meighen conservative party won minority gov. Mackenzie King's Liberals lost election didn't step aside. King formed coalition with Progressives. 1926: King lost the support of Progressives, King asked GG Byng to dissolve parliament & call new election. GG Byng refused & gave Meighen a chance without holding election. Meighen gov lasted 3 days. Byng forced to call election. King claimed it undemocratic for official to refuse advice of PM. Next election King won majority gov. Since Byng, no GG acted against wishes of PM. |
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What was the Balfour Report? |
At the Imperial Conference of 1926, dominions of British empire requested formal recognition of their autonomy.A committee under Lord Balfour considered request . Recommendation was made law in 1931 with passage of Statute of Westminster which turned British Empire into British Commonwealth of Nations. No laws passed by Brit gov could include Canada & Brit gov couldn't declare Canadian laws void. Canada would have right to make decisions in all areas, including foreign affairs. |
