History Of Photography Exam

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Durer, Albrecht - Draftsman Drawing a Lute - 1525
Early physionotrace, traced the image in a way that allowed a person to make an accurate reproduction.

Attempt at drawing what you see in a reliable way.

Foreshortening - offers perspective.

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Diagram of Camera Obscura - 18th century
Variables need to be balanced:
1)volume of illumination
2)photosensitivity of surface
3)time of exposure
4)depth of field
5)optics(lenses)

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Rembrandt - Landscape with Three Trees - 1643
Etching using acid on copper plate makes the image moodier and expressive
Change plates slightly and make again for limited editions
Only makes a few copies to heighten value

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Lavater, Johann Kasper - Humans Compared to Animals - 1789-98

Physiognomy - trying to deduce human character from physical features

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Lavater - Silhouette Machine - 1789-98

2D objective visual scheme of character
Direct tracing, literal imprint

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Silhouette Portrait of William Henry Fox-Talbot - 1807

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Physionotrace Portrait of Thomas Jefferson - 1805

Copying device that providing a true and objective view

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Camera Lucida in use - 1810
Camera lucida patented 1806 by Wollaston
More lightweight than camera obscura, portable, only produced single image
Truth in direct observation

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Fox-Talbot, William Henry - Camera Lucida Drawings - 1833
General disposition is true, but doesn't allow shading, etc. Only a linear framework
Hard to use without drawing abilities

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Camera Obscura in use

8 hr exposure of a plate in a camera obscura
Helped military surveyors, accurate visual images

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Fox-Talbot - Latticed Window - 1835

First direct negative image

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Fox-Talbot - Botanical Specimens - 1839

Scientific uses, explicit detail

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Fox-Talbot - Bust of Patroclus - 1844-46

Reproducing sculptures in their inability to be reproduced themselves
Early purpose of photography = art documentation

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Fox-Talbot - Bust of Patroclus - 1844-46

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Fox-Talbot - Copy of a Stanza by Lord Byron - 1840

Trying to envision mindset and strokes of Lord Byron by showing the corrections and handwriting. Different kind of type.

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Fox-Talbot - The Open Door - 1844-46

Introducing photos as art in 1844, likening to Dutch everyday painting

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Fox-Talbot - Pencil of Nature - 1844-46

Book of multiple prints that showed photos as art, showed authenticity of nature in a book

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Niepce, Joseph Nicephore - View from My Window - 1826
First direct positive (heliograph) - produces photo without a separate negative (therefore cannot be reproduced)
WORLDS FIRST PERMANENT PHOTO
Using pewter plate covered in Judea and washing away unhardened spots

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Niepce, Joseph Nicephore - Cardinal d'Amboise - 1827


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Daguerre - Ground Plan of Daguerre's Diorama - 1823

Audience spins between both stages,

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Daguerre - Landscape with Gothic Ruins and Figures - 1821

Double side painted thin canvas, showed day/night transition illusion

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Daguerre - Cross Section of Daguerre's Diorama - 1823
Showed the usage and manipulation of light, and desire for realistic mediums

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Sandby, Paul - Nottingham Castle - 1759

Panorama provided more than the human eye could achieve

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Daguerre - Still Life in the Studio - 1837
Early daguerrotype, a silver plated copper plate put it in the camera obscura, which held a latent image developed in a box with mecury fumes, and washed with sodium chloride.
Provides fine detail

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Daguerre - A Parisian Boulevard - 1838
Example of depth of field as you can see chimneys and down the street
Slow shutter speed - no cars because moving too fast
First human ever photographed, because getting shoeshined

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Dead Child on a Sofa - 1855
NOT ART
Attempt to preserve the child's memory
Very common theme in mid 1800s because of high infant mortality rate
Modern times seen as creepy

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Zealy, Joseph - Delia and Jem - 1850
Slaves born in Africa photographed for scientific purposes for scientist Agassi, who believed in scientific visual evidence for other races being different human breeds
Not portraits, more like subjects in a study (forced)

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Zealy, Joseph - Delia and Jem - 1850
Slaves born in Africa photographed for scientific purposes for scientist Agassi, who believed in scientific visual evidence for other races being different human breeds
Not portraits, more like subjects in a study (forced)

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Zealy, Joseph - Delia and Jem - 1850
Slaves born in Africa photographed for scientific purposes for scientist Agassi, who believed in scientific visual evidence for other races being different human breeds
Not portraits, more like subjects in a study (forced)

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Fox-Talbot - The Pencil of Nature - 1844-46
Reproducible book of photographic art
Pencil of nature because photographs were made by sunlight and natural processes, thus photographs were drawings made by the pencil of nature

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Brady, Matthew - Portrait of an Unidentified Man and Woman - 1860
Shows how ambrotypes work (collodion on glass - instead of photosensitive paper, more sensitive, less exposure time - multiple images without texture), as right side doesn't have a backing (dark fabric, varnish), and thus stays a negative whereas the left side does and has been turned positive

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Disderi, AAE - Cartes-de-visite - 1860s
8 Poses in one card
Industrial scale production
People flaunted appearance of wealth and satisfaction
Brought on urge to collect, photography as a mainstream fad

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Gardner, Alexander - Carte-de-visite Portrait of Abraham Lincoln - 1861
People wanted card photos of famous peoples

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Nadar - Sarah Bernhardt - 1866
Nadar was 1st photog to become celebrity, prominent jewish actress
Soft lighting
Outfit is a pedestal for her head, focus on face, draping clump of fabric similar to painted portraiture

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Nadar - Theophile Gautier - 1854-55
Monumental pictures of creative/rugged - imperfections yet taken in a formal manner
Saw upperclass interest in images of bohemian/creative people, and made heroic pictures of rugged people - considered different from mechanical photos.
Conceptualized pictures, but developed by assistants

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O'Sullivan - Harvest of Death - 1863

Aftermath of Battle of Gettysburg (not advanced enough to take pix during the battle)
Isochromatic- all appears of the same color, flatter chemistry, everything looks the same

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Diamond, Hugh Welch - Portraits of Mental Patients - 1850s
Used photo as a diagnostic/therapeutic tool, physical appearance as mechanical representation - if they saw how crazy they looked, they would stop

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Galton, Frank - Composite Photographs of a Family - 1878
Eugenics pursue physiognomy to see if possible to find visual truths/general rules
Overlaying negatives

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Galton, Frank - Composite Photographs of Criminals and Military Men - 1883

Looking for the criminal type (finding character through visual evidence)

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Galton, Frank - Composite Photographs of "The Jewish Type - 1885

Race becomes thought of as different and needed to be catalogued and identified to control if they mix

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Bertillon, Alphonse - Photometric ID card - 1891

Pic of himself, but assume to be criminal because of what we assume from standard
System he developed that became standard
Political implications for assumption of guilt
Rigid photo - same size and distance to keep standard and categorize the people
Originally developed to catch repeat offenders

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Bertillon, Alphonse - Photographic ID exercise - 1887

Searched for the unique individual differences (as opposed to a general rule - like Galton)
Looking at the limits of his own system, mugshot has to be part of a bigger analytical process (people look the same until you break down their features)

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Cameron, Julia Margaret - Portrait of Julia Jackson - 1865-66
Kept slightly out of focus (her trademark), and dark contrast represents more artistic portrait than the formal. Gives sense of aloofness opposed to typical approachability
Necklace shows some wealth but not ostentatiously
Embraced things out of her control such as fuzzy
Totally black background and isolation of features

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Cameron, Julia Margaret - Portrait of Sir John Herschel - 1867
More genuine than typical portrait
Messy hair to capture active mind, makes him seem like a mad scientist. Attempted to capture inner greatness of subjects
Moralizing photos typical of High Art at the time
Characteristic blurry style

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Riis, Jacob - Lodgers in a Baynard St. Tenement - 1890
Wrote How the Other Half Lives
Danish immigrant became police officer - wanted to see why crime - felt poor committed crime because of their environment (self fulfilling prophecy)
Modernization during Indust. Rev. showed importance of workers
Eyewitness testimony to lower class workers experience (NOT ART!)
Brightly illuminated with magnesium powder bright flash lit from one direction
Got on same level to make it look claustrophobic and portrayed sense of urgency
Allowed accidental things to happen (boots)

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Riis, Jacob - Police Station Lodger - 1890
Board was woman's bed, documenting the lower class experience in an industrial world
Guys hand on side shows photography becoming more momentary - no longer slow, more impulse to just take the picture
Less participation than Hines - more sympathy - lifelessness

Compare to Bertillons tool for police versus making the tool about economic nominality = Riis more SYMPATHETIC and making the issues public

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Hine, Louis - Ten-Year Old Spinner - 1909
Documenting child labor (specific social problem), background is blurry, but triangles to focus on her. More participation than Riis (standing on her level-see her on her own level- more personable) closer proximity to the subject & open eye contact
Between window & work - half is illuminated, work not illuminated
More empathy

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Hine, Louis - Ten-Year Old Spinner - 1909

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Watkins, Carleton - Cape Horn, Columbia River - 1868
Pictures taken after government issued surveyors to document mining prospects in Western lands during Western Expansion

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Watkins, Carleton - Columbia River - 1868
Pictures taken after government issued surveyors to document mining prospects in Western lands during Western Expansion

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Muybridge, Edward - Valley of the Yosemite - 1872
Informational but not informational, following Watkins documentary footprints of different aesthetic of Western landscape through the sublime - overwhelming (great detail), deliberate loss of scale, space, etc. to feel as if you're floating over a vast valley

albumen prints

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O'Sullivan, Timothy - Pyramid and Tufa Dome, Pyramid Lake - 1868

Feel like you understand - textual information. However no scale (feel like you're moving through the photo w/ visual conducting)
Loss of scale typical of sublime - exploited disorienting creations of camera

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O'Sullivan, Timothy - Pyramid and Tufa Dome, Pyramid Lake - 1868

Portrays in a different manner than other picture, get scale from boat - realize not as large as you may think originally

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Unknown Artist - Drive-Prospect Park - 1890

Kodak - cameras leave the hands of specialists and become available to mass public
SNAPSHOT! - new aesthetic capabilities
"You press the button we do the rest!" send in camera, they develop and send camera back with new film -> cycle that keeps you reeled in

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Evans, Frederick - Sea of Steps: Wells Cathedral - 1903

"Pure photography", likes unmessed with photos
Exploring the line between documentary and expressive. Pursued capabilities of the camera
Panchromatic - fine/subtle distinctions between grays
-->combos of shadows and reflections
Squeezing out the life of the stairs themselves, showing passage of time on the stairs - visual metaphor on steps sense of history without showing obviously old things like ruins or old architecture

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Brigman, Anne - Kodak - 1905

Pictographic interpretation of kodak -> make it seem professional instead of a normal person with a camera
Dreamlike, looks like a drawing
Trying to make the camera seem expressive, even though mechanical (being a photo) reshaped by artistic sensability

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Coburn, Alvin Langdon - Half Dome, Yosemite - 1911
Exploring camera's abilities
Sublime view, floating, sharp detail
Shape of peaks but also monument as a harmonious part of the whole

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Gilbreth - Efficient and Inefficient Work - 1937

Time and Motion studies showed how best pattern for hands to take in certain mechanical tasks required less fatigue and therefore more work could get done - more efficient the less done
Lights attached to hands and slow exposure followed with wire

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Gilbreth - Efficient and Inefficient Work - 1937

Time and Motion studies showed how best pattern for hands to take in certain mechanical tasks required less fatigue and therefore more work could get done - more efficient the less done
Lights attached to hands and slow exposure followed with wire

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Muybridge, Edward - Handspring with Pigeon Interfering - 1884-86

Science experiment documenting how human body moves in a handspring
Required 12 diff cameras to take the picture, bottom portion shows pigeon interfering (science v. nature) shows how instantaneous/momentary photography was becoming
Camera being used to detect things human eye couldn't (motion)

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Pierson, Pierre-Henri and Countess de Castiglione - Alta - 1860s

Italian spy sent to seduce emperor, ordered tons of photos of herself (self image/selfie)
Picture showing off her dress (not interested in lighting, anything, just documenting her dress)

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Pierson/Castiglione - Midday-Midnight - 1860s

Photos of Countess personal collection, showed drunkard costume play. Imaginary/fantasy realm of photography. Thinking of photo as transformed (transforming self)

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Marey, Jules-Marienne - Bouncing Ball - 1860s

Strobe-o-scope, rotating lens that reconfigured the same plate to have multiple exposures on the same plate.
Studying trajectory in motion through same plate
Chronography - one exposure

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Marey, Jules-Etienne - Man in Black Suit - 1880s

Man wearing black suit with lights on it, ran through one long exposure to see full range of movement (to see how a human moves)
Chronography shows how photography was being used to see beyond what the eye could see

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Muybridge, Edward - Child Walking, Infantile Paralysis - 1884-86

12 photos showing movement using DIFFERENT CAMERAS, usage of photography as science experiment to study human movement (in the abnormal) Ruler in the background

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Muybridge, Edward - Descending Stairs - 1884-86

11 photos showing movement using DIFFERENT CAMERAS, usage of photography as science experiment to study human movement with grid background