Histology-Lab Practical

Front 1

What are tissues?

Back 1

groups of similar cells and extracellular products that carry out a common function

Front 2

What is the study of tissues called?

Back 2

histology

Front 3

what is extracellular matrix?

Back 3

it is composed of varying amounts of water, protein fibers, and dissolved macromolecules

Front 4

Which tissues have little to no extracellular matrix?

Back 4

epithelial, muscle, and nercous tissues

Front 5

What kind of tissue covers or lines every body surface and all body cavities?

Back 5

Epithelial tissue

Front 6

Which kind of tissue forms both the external and internal lining of many organs

Back 6

Epithelial tissue

Front 7

Which kind of tissue constitutes the majority of glands

Back 7

Epithelial tissue

Front 8

what is an epithelium composed of?

Back 8

one or more layers of closely packed cells between two compartments having different components

Front 9

Which type of tissue is avascular?

Back 9

epithelial tissue

Front 10

Which type of tissue has no exctracellular matrix? What is this characteristic called?

Back 10

Epithelial; Cellularity

Front 11

What is polarity?

Back 11

Having both an apical(free) and basal(attached) surface. [Epithelial tissue]

Front 12

Which tissue possesses the characteristic 'attachment'?

Back 12

epithelial tissue

Front 13

why are epithelia richly innervated?

Back 13

to detect changes in the environment at a paticular body or organ surface region

Front 14

List the general characteristics of epithelial tissues:

Back 14

cellular, polar, attached, avascular, innervated, high regeneration capacity

Front 15

why do epithelia possess a high regeneration capacity?

Back 15

because that type of tissue takes the most wear and tear and has to regenerate often

Front 16

what are the general functions of epithelial tissue?

Back 16

covers surfaces; lines insides of organs and body cavities

Front 17

what primary germ layer is all epithelial tissue derived from?

Back 17

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Front 18

give one example of where you could find simple columnar epithelium

Back 18

inner lining of digestive tract

Front 19

give one example of where you could find stratified squamous epithelium

Back 19

epidermis of skin

Front 20

give one example of where you could find transitional epithelium

Back 20

inner lining of urinary bladder

Front 21

give one example of where you could find simple squamous epithelium

Back 21

air sacs in lungs

Front 22

what are the general characteristics of connective tissue?

Back 22

diverse types; all contain cells, protein fibers, and ground substance

Front 23

what three characteristics determine connective tissue?

Back 23

protein fibers, cells, and ground substance

Front 24

what are the general functions of connective tissue?

Back 24

protects, binds together, and supports organs

Front 25

what primary germ layer is all connective tissue derived from?

Back 25

mesoderm

Front 26

give one example of where you could find adipose connective tissue:

Back 26

fat

Front 27

give one example of where you could find dense regular connective tissue:

Back 27

ligaments and tendons

Front 28

give one example of where you could find dense irregular connective tissue:

Back 28

dermis of skin

Front 29

give one example of where you could find hyaline cartilage:

Back 29

articular cartilage in some joints

Front 30

give one example of fluid connective tissue:

Back 30

blood

Front 31

explain why blood is a connective tissue:

Back 31

it has cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. it has protein fibers located within the plasma, and the plasma also acts as a ground substance

Front 32

what are some general characteristics of muscle tissue:

Back 32

contractile, receives stimulation from nervous system and/or endocrine system

Front 33

what are the general functions of muscle tissue:

Back 33

facilitates movement of skeleton or organ walls

Front 34

what primary germ layer is all muscle tissue derived from?

Back 34

mesoderm

Front 35

what is skeletal muscle:

Back 35

muscle that is attached to bone

Front 36

what is cardiac muscle?

Back 36

muscle layer in heart

Front 37

what is smooth muscle?

Back 37

muscle that is involuntary; one place it's found is in the digestive tract

Front 38

list the general characteristics of neurons

Back 38

excitable, high metabolic rate, extreme longevity, nonmitotic

Front 39

list the general characteristics of glial cells

Back 39

nonexcitable, mitotic

Front 40

name the general functions of neurons

Back 40

control activities, process information

Front 41

name the general functions of glial cells

Back 41

support and protect neurons

Front 42

what primary germ layer is all nervous dissue derived from?

Back 42

ectoderm

Front 43

where is nervous tissue found:

Back 43

in the brain and spinal cord

Front 44

which two types of cells make up nervous tissue:

Back 44

neurons and glial cells

Front 45

what is the structure of simple squamous epithelium

Back 45

one layer of flattened cells

Front 46

what is the structure of simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 46

one layer of cells about as tall as they are wide

Front 47

what is the structure of simple columnar epithelium, nonciliated

Back 47

one layer of nonciliated cells that are taller than they are wide; cells may contain microvilli

Front 48

what is the structure of simple columnar epithelium, ciliated

Back 48

one layer of ciliated cells that are taller than they are wide

Front 49

what is the structure of stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized

Back 49

many layers thick; cells in surface layers are dead, flat, and filled with the protein keratin

Front 50

what is the structure of stratified squamous epithelium, non-keratinized

Back 50

many layers thick; no keratin in cells; surface layers are alive, flat, and moist

Front 51

what is the structure of stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 51

two or more layers of cells; apical(free surface) layer of cells is cuboidal shaped

Front 52

what is the structure of stratified columnar epithelium

Back 52

two or more layers of cells; cells in apical(free surface) layer are columnar shaped

Front 53

what is the structure of pseudostratified columnar

Back 53

one layer of cells of varying heights; all cells attach to basement membrane; ciliated form contains cilia and goblet cells; nonciliated form lacks cilia and goblet cells

Front 54

what is the structure of transitional epithelium

Back 54

multiple layers of polyhedral cells(when the tissue is relaxed) or flattened cells(when the tissue is distended); some cells may be binucleated

Front 55

what is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

Back 55

rapid diffusion, filtration, and some secretion in serous membrane

Front 56

where can simple squamous epithelium be found

Back 56

air sacs in lungs(alveoli), lining of heart chambes and lumen of blood vessels, serous membranes of body cavities

Front 57

what is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 57

absorption and secretion

Front 58

where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found

Back 58

thyroid gland follicles; kidney tubules; ducts and secretory regions of most glands; surface of ovary

Front 59

what shape are the nuclei in columnar epithelium:

Back 59

oval

Front 60

which type of epithelial cells are as tall as they are wide

Back 60

cuboidal

Front 61

what is the function of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

Back 61

absorption and secretion; secretion of mucin

Front 62

where can nonciliated simple columnar epithelium be found

Back 62

lining of most of digestive tract; lining of stomach does not contain goblet cells

Front 63

what is teh function of ciliated simple colulmnar epithelium

Back 63

secretion of mucin and movement of mucus along apical surface of epithelium by action of cilia; oocyte movement through uterine tube

Front 64

where can ciliated simple columnar epithelium be found

Back 64

lining of uterine tubes and larger bronchioles of respiratory tract

Front 65

what is the function of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Back 65

protection of underlying tissue

Front 66

where can nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium be found

Back 66

lining of oral cavity, part of pharynx, esophagus, vagina, and anus

Front 67

what is the function of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Back 67

protection of underlying tissue

Front 68

where can keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue be found

Back 68

epidermis of skin

Front 69

what does stratified cuboidal epithelium look like

Back 69

two or more layers of cells; cells at apical(free) surface are cuboidal(as tall as they are wide)

Front 70

what is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 70

protection and secretion

Front 71

what does stratified columnar epithelium look like

Back 71

two or more layers of cells; cells at the apical(free) surface are columnar(taller than they are wide)

Front 72

where can stratified cuboidal epithelium be found

Back 72

found in large ducts in most exocrine glands and in some parts of the male urethra

Front 73

what is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?

Back 73

protection and secretion

Front 74

where can stratified columnar epithelium be found

Back 74

it is rare; found in large ducts of some exocrine glands an din some regions of the male urethra

Front 75

what does pseudostratified columnar epithelium look like

Back 75

single layer of cells
varying heights
appears multi-layered(IT IS NOT)
all cells connect to the basement membrane, but not all cells reach the apical(free) surface; ciliated form has goblet cells and cilia

Front 76

what is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 76

protection; ciliated form is also involved in secretion of mucin and movement of mucus across surface by ciliary action

Front 77

where can pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found

Back 77

ciliated form lines most of the respiratory tract, including nasal cavity, part of the pharynx, trachea, bronchi. Nonciliated form is rare; lines epididymis and part of male urethra

Front 78

what does transitional epithelium look like

Back 78

the epilelial appearance varies, depending on whether the tissue is stretched or relaxed; shape of cells at apical surface changes; some cells may be binucleated

Front 79

what is the funciton of transitional epithelium

Back 79

distention and relaxation to accommodate urine volume changes in bladder, ureters, and urethra

Front 80

where can transitional epithelium be found

Back 80

lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra

Front 81

which is the most diverse, abundant, widely distributed, and microscopically variable of the tissues

Back 81

connective tissue

Front 82

connective tissue proper contains

Back 82

fibroblasts,

Front 83

fat contains

Back 83

adipocytes

Front 84

cartilage contains

Back 84

chondrocytes

Front 85

bone contains

Back 85

osteocytes

Front 86

what do fibers do for connective tissue

Back 86

strengthen and support

Front 87

what is ground substance

Back 87

a material in which both the cells and protein fibers reside within

Front 88

ground substance primarily consists of

Back 88

protein and carbohydrate molecules and variable amounts of water

Front 89

ground substance is viscous in

Back 89

blood

Front 90

ground substance is semisolid

Back 90

in cartilage

Front 91

ground substance is solid

Back 91

in bone

Front 92

extracellular matrix is formed by

Back 92

ground substance and protein fibers

Front 93

most connective tissues are composed primarily of an extracellular matrix
TRUE OR FALSE

Back 93

TRUE

Front 94

List the functions of connective tissue:

Back 94

physical protection, support and structural framework, binding of structures, storage, transport, and immune protection

Front 95

all connective tissue is derived from

Back 95

mesenchyme

Front 96

what does mesenchyme look like

Back 96

ground substance is a viscous gel with some immature protein fibers; mesenchymal cells are stellate or spindle-shaped

Front 97

what do mesenchymal cells look like

Back 97

they are stellate or spindle-shaped

Front 98

where can mesenchyme be found

Back 98

throughout the body of the embryo, fetus, and adult

Front 99

what does mucous connective tissue look like

Back 99

mesenchymal cells scattered within a viscous gel-like ground substance; immature protein fibers are present

Front 100

what is the function of mucous connective tissue

Back 100

support of structures in umbilical cord attaching fetus to mother

Front 101

where can mucous connective tissue be found

Back 101

only in the umbilical cord of fetus

Front 102

connective tissue proper:

Back 102

includes those types of connective tissue that exhibit a variable mixture of both connective tissue cell types and extracellular protein fibers suspended within a viscous ground substance

Front 103

resident cells

Back 103

permanently contained within the connective tissue; these help support, maintain, and repair the extracellular matrix

Front 104

wandering cells

Back 104

move throughout the connective tissue and are involved in immune protection and repair of damaged extracellular matrix

Front 105

fibroblasts
(fibra=fiber)
(blastos=germ)

Back 105

large, relatively flat cells with tapered ends. they are the most abundant resident cells in connective tissue proper. the produce the fibers and ground substance components of the extracellular matrix

Front 106

what type of cells are the most abundant resident cells in connective tissue proper

Back 106

fibroblasts

Front 107

which resident cells in connective tissue proper are large, relatively flat, with tapered ends

Back 107

fibroblasts

Front 108

adipocytes
(adip=fat)

Back 108

fat cells; they often appear in small clusters within some types of connective tissue proper. if it is a larger cluster of these cells that dominates the area, then it is called adipose connective tissue

Front 109

fixed macrophages

Back 109

large cells derived from monocytes in blood; reside in extracellular matrix after leaving the blood; phagocytize foreign materials

Front 110

what type of resident cells in connective tissue proper are relatively large, irregularly shaped, with numerous surface folds and projections

Back 110

fixed macrophages

Front 111

what type of resident cells in connective tissue proper phagocytize foreign materials

Back 111

fixed macrophages

Front 112

what are stellate or spindle shaped embryonic stem cells

Back 112

mesenchymal cells

Front 113

what do mesenchymal cells do in a mature body

Back 113

divide in response to injury to produce new connective tissue cells

Front 114

what are leukocytes

Back 114

white blood cells

Front 115

what is the function of leukocytes

Back 115

to aid in immune response

Front 116

what are small, mobile cells that contain a granule-filled cytoplasm called

Back 116

mast cells

Front 117

where are mast cells usually found

Back 117

close to blood vessels

Front 118

what do mast cells do

Back 118

secrete heparin to inhibit blood clotting, and histamine to dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow

Front 119

when B-lymphocytes are activated by exposure to foreign materials, the cells mature into...

Back 119

plasma cells

Front 120

these cells are small 'factories' that synthesize disease-fighting proteins called antibodies

Back 120

plasma cells

Front 121

what are small, mobile cells that contain a granule-filled cytoplasm called

Back 121

mast cells

Front 122

where are mast cells usually found

Back 122

close to blood vessels

Front 123

what do mast cells do

Back 123

secrete heparin to inhibit blood clotting, and histamine to dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow

Front 124

when B-lymphocytes are activated by exposure to foreign materials, the cells mature into...

Back 124

plasma cells

Front 125

these cells are small 'factories' that synthesize disease-fighting proteins called antibodies

Back 125

plasma cells

Front 126

what are small, mobile cells that contain a granule-filled cytoplasm called

Back 126

mast cells

Front 127

where are mast cells usually found

Back 127

close to blood vessels

Front 128

what do mast cells do

Back 128

secrete heparin to inhibit blood clotting, and histamine to dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow

Front 129

when B-lymphocytes are activated by exposure to foreign materials, the cells mature into...

Back 129

plasma cells

Front 130

these cells are small 'factories' that synthesize disease-fighting proteins called antibodies

Back 130

plasma cells

Front 131

what are small, mobile cells that contain a granule-filled cytoplasm called

Back 131

mast cells

Front 132

where are mast cells usually found

Back 132

close to blood vessels

Front 133

what do mast cells do

Back 133

secrete heparin to inhibit blood clotting, and histamine to dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow

Front 134

when B-lymphocytes are activated by exposure to foreign materials, the cells mature into...

Back 134

plasma cells

Front 135

these cells are small 'factories' that synthesize disease-fighting proteins called antibodies

Back 135

plasma cells

Front 136

these cells are usually found in the intestinal walls and in the spleen and lymph nodes

Back 136

plasma cells

Front 137

mobile, phagocytic cells that are formed from monocytes(a type of white blood cell) that migrate out of the bloodstream

Back 137

free macrophages

Front 138

these cells wander through connective tissue and engulf and destroy any bacteria, foreign particles, or damaged cells and debris they encounter

Back 138

free macrophages

Front 139

abundant, large, relatively flat cells often with tapered ends

Back 139

fibroblasts

Front 140

produce fibers and ground substance of the extracellular matrix

Back 140

fibroblasts

Front 141

fat cells with a single large lipid droplet; cellular components pushed to one side

Back 141

adipocytes

Front 142

store lipid reserves

Back 142

adipocytes

Front 143

large cells derived from monocytes in blood; reside in extracellular matrix after leaving the blood

Back 143

fixed macrophages

Front 144

phagocytize foreign material

Back 144

fixed macrophages

Front 145

stellate or spindle-shaped embryonic stem cells

Back 145

mesenchymal cells

Front 146

divide in response to injury to produce new connective tissue cells

Back 146

mesenchymal cells

Front 147

small cells with a granule-filled cytoplasm

Back 147

mast cells

Front 148

release histamine and heparin to stimulate local inflammation

Back 148

mast cells

Front 149

small cells with a distinct nucleus derived from activated B-lymphocytes

Back 149

plasma cells

Front 150

form antibodies that immobilize foreign substances, bacteria, viruses

Back 150

plasma cells

Front 151

mobile phagocytic cells formed from monocytes of the blood

Back 151

free macrophages

Front 152

phagocytize foreign materials

Back 152

free macrophages

Front 153

white blood cells that enter connective tissue

Back 153

other leukocytes

Front 154

attack foreign materials(lymphocytes) or directly combat bacteria(neutrophils)

Back 154

other leukocytes

Front 155

fibroblasts synthesize(make) the components of all three fiber types:

Back 155

collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers

Front 156

long, unbranched extracellular fibers composed of the protein collagen

Back 156

collagen fibers

Front 157

strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching (fibers)

Back 157

collagen fibers

Front 158

forms about 25% of the body's protein; most abundant protein in the body

Back 158

collagen

Front 159

why are collagen fibers sometimes called white fibers

Back 159

because in fresh tissue, collagen fibers sometimes appear white

Front 160

in stained tissue sections, these fibers often appear to be pink

Back 160

collagen fibers