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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the lip? |
-The mucocutaneous junctions between the integument and gastrointestinal tract. -Sandwich wall of connective tissue, skeletal muscle, and minor salivary glands.
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What species have stratified squamous, non-keratinized mucosa? |
Carnivores and pigs |
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What species have stratified squamous, keratinized mucosa? |
Ruminants |
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On this tongue section, what are the arrows pointing to? |
-Papillae -NOT tast buds!!! Some papillae have taste buds, some are mechanical |
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Describe the ventral surface of the tongue. |
Thin, non-keratinized
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Describe the dorsal surface of the tongue. |
Thick, keratinized -Papillated |
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What are the mechanical lingual papillae? |
-FIlliform - filamentous (slender), numerous -Conical - cone shaped -Lenticular - lens shaped **mechanical papillae lack taste buds |
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What are the types of gustatory papillae? |
-Fungiform - mushroom shaped -Vallate - large, flatterened, with "wall" (sulcus) -Foliate - page-like leaves **have taste buds |
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What kind of lingual papillae is this? |
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What kind of lingual papillae is this? |
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What kind of lingual papillae is this? |
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What kind of lingual papillae is this? |
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What kind of lingual papillae is this? |
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What kind of lingual papillae is this? |
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Where are foliate papilla found? |
Dorsal, caudal, lateral part of tongue |
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Where are vallate papilla found? |
Dorsal, caudal tongue -also called "circum" (around) papillae |
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What lingual papilla are found rostral and dorsal on the tongue? |
FIliform and fungiform |
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What type of papillae make cat tongues scratchy? |
Filliform papillae -they are hooked backwards making scratchy -also how they get hair balls |
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What is "mouthfeel"? |
The tactile component of taste |
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What are lyssa? |
Specialized tongue structures found ijn carnivores -Fibro-fatty dense-irregular connective tissue -Skeletal muscle, nerves, vessels |
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What species is dorsal lingual cartilage found? |
-Horses -made of cartilage (hyaline), muscle, and fat |
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What mouth structure is shown here? |
Serous salivary glands -stain quite dark -watery secretions |
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What mouth structure is shown here? |
Mucous salivary glands -stain much lighter, more like goblet cells |
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What mouth structure is shown here? |
Combination of mucous and serous salivary glands -more centrally located mucous surrounded by serous (half-moon shape) -- Serous demilunes |
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What mouth structure is shown here? |
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What kind of epithelium characterize salivary ducts? |
Simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium -Intercalated ducts (cuboidal) -Striated ducts (cuboidal to columnar) -Interlobular duct (stratified cub/col) |
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Why are striated salivary ducts striated? |
Due to the palisading of mitochondria and basal infoldings of the plasma membrane - Mito needed for energy to power Na/K and Cl-/HCO3- pumps: secrete HCO3 and K, absorb Na and Cl
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What does bicarbonate in saliva do? |
Buffers stomach acid |
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What mouth structure is shown here? |
Salivary glands |
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What mouth structure is shown here? |
Striated duct in mucous salivary gland |
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What mouth structure is shown here? |
Striated duct in mucous salivary gland |
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What mouth structure is shown here? |
Striated duct in mucous salivary gland |
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How can you tell you are looking at a striated duct in mucous salivary glands? |
Nuclei are not located in the basilar membrane (more central). Striated appearance from mitochonria |
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What mouth structure is shown here? |
Main salivary gland ducts |
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What mouth structure is shown here? |
Tonsils - lymphoid nodules in pharynx |
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What mouth structure is shown here? |
Tonsillar crypt extending from oral cavity |
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What are the two basic types of teeth mammals have? |
Brachydont (carnivores, primates) - crown covered by enamel, neck, roots Hypsodont (molars-noncarnivores) - no crown, long body; continue to grow |
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Label the brachydont tooth |
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Process of tooth development |
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What are ameloblasts? |
Cells that build enamel |
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What are odontoblasts? |
Cells that build dentin -have cellular processes that extend into dentin to maintain it over time |
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What in the mouth is this? |
Forming tooth |
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How can you use tetracycline to trace tooth growth? |
-Incorporated during dentinogenesis -gives a banding pattern Shape of growth surface when being deposited and time spacing can estimate growth rate |
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What is the periodontium? |
Tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth -Gingiva (gums) -Cementum -Periodontal ligament -Alveolar and supporting bone |
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What is the gingiva? |
Gums -Lines the neck of the tooth -Made of dense irregular connective tissue core -Stratified squamous epithelium (mucosa) -Vessels and nerves |
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What mouth structure is shown here? |
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What is cementum? |
-Covers and protects the root dentin (covers the opening of dentin tubules) -Provides attachment of periodontal fibers -Avascular and aneural -Resistant to tooth resorption -~50% inorganic, 50% organic -Nutrition via periodontal ligament |
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What is this an image of? |
A tooth root pl - periodontal ligament d - dentin dp - dentin pulp |
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What is the periodontal ligament? |
Attaches tooth to bone -forms from the dental follicle shortly after root development begins |
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Where is a tooth's nerve supply found? |
Within the periodontal ligament |
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What makes up the alimentary tract? |
Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine *Not oral cavity and anus |
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What type of epithelium lines the gut? |
Changes from stratified squamous in the esophagus, to simple columnar. -varies among species and length of tract |
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What are intramural glands? |
Glands of the alimentary tract that secrete directly into the gut lumen (simple, tubular, branched, coiled) -Gastric - goblet cells, chief cells, parietal cells -Brunner's glands - duodenal submucosal glands -Crypts of Lieberkuhn - small intestine (enterocytes, goblet cells, Paneth cells)
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What are accessory glands of the gut? |
Glands whose secretions are delivered by ducts from secretory organs -Salivary - mucous and serous -Liver - bile -Exocrine pancreas -Anal - modified sebacsous gland |
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What are the four layers of the gut wall? |
-Tunica adventitia/serosa (outermost) -Tunica muscularis (outer longitudinal and inner circumferential) -Tunica submucosa -Tunica Mucosa (muscularis mucosa, lamina propria, epithelium) |
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Layers of the GI |
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What part of the gut is this? |
Esophagus |
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Layers of the GI |
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What part of the GI tract has stratified squamous epithelium? What is the functional significance? |
Esophagus and nonglandular stomach of some species -Keratinized in herbivores (lots of roughage) -non keratinized in carnivores Stratified squamous epithelium protects the esophagus from roughage. |
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What part of the GI tract could this be? Give two reasons. |
Esophagus. Stratified squamous epithelium seen. Can also see mucous glands within submucosa, which although not exclusive to the esophagus are more prominent here. |
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Label this section of the esophagus. |
-Stratified squamous epithelium -thick muscularis mucosae -submucosal mucous glands |
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What section of the cow GI is this? |
Omasum -see the leafs -stratified squamous epithelium with absorptive function |
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What type of epithelium is found at the margo plicatus? |
Abrupt change from stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelium |
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Name the four cell types of the glandular stomach |
Mucous (alkaline pH) Chief (zymogens) Parietal (HCl; intrinsic factor) Entero-endocrine (G cells, others) |
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Label this gastric pit |
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Label this gastric pit |
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Name these cells of the stomach |
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Name these cells of the stomach |
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What distinguishes parietal cells and chief cells? |
Parietal cells are more acidophilic -contain caniculi (tiny vessels), lots of mitochondria, and secrete protons (HCl) and intrinsic factor (B12) Chief cells are more eosinophilic -Secrete zymogen granules with pepsinogen, trypsinogen, and chymotrypsinogen |
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Which cell is a parietal cell and which is a chief cell? |
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What section of the stomach is this? |
Neck mucous cells of the glandular stomach. -transparency b/c packed full of mucous |
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What are specializations of the small intestine to increase surface area absorption on both an organ and cellular level? |
Organ: plicae (macroscopic folds), villi, crypts
Cellular: microvilli, glycocalyx (glycoprotein layer surrounding cells to enhance absorption) |
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Name six cell types of the small intestine |
Enterocytes - microvilli; simple columnar, brush border Goblet cells - mucous vesicles Paneth cells (duodenum) - eosinophilic granules; antimicrobial enzymes Lymphoid cells (ileum) - mostly nucleus Enteroendocrine M-cells (microfold cells) - Ag presenting |
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Name these cells of the duodenum |
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Label the parts of the jejunum |
In the submucosa b/c do not see glandular tissue |
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Name these cells of the jejunum |
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Label these parts of the jejunum |
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What are chylomicrons? |
Lipoprotein particles secreted from enterocytes into lacteals. The lacteals then transport them through lymph vasculature to enter the circulation via the thoracic duct. -Formed in enterocytes by dietary lipids being reesterefied in SER and combining with apolipoprotein |
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What are the cells labeled a in this section of a duodenum? |
Paneth cells - prominent in ruminants, primates, and horses |
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What is this within the duodenum? |
Lymphoid follicle in mucosa |
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What section of the large intestine is this? |
Cecum mu = mucosa n = lymph nodules -Lack villi |
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Where are we in the GI tract? Label |
Large intestine |
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What part of the large intestine is indicated by the arrow? |
Rectoanal junction -Rapid transition to stratified squamous epithelium |
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Identify the labeled parts of the large intestine |
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