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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the 5 hypothalamic hormones?
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- GnRH
- CRH - TRH - PIF - GHRH |
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Where is the pituitary located? (bony landmark)
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Sella turcica
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What are the cells that bridge the hypothalamus to the endocrine system?
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neurosensory cells
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What are the parts of the anterior lobe of the pituitary?
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- pars distalis
- pars tuberalis - pars intermedia |
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What are the parts of the posterior lobe of the pituitary?
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- pars nervosa
- infundibulum |
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What are the hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary?
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- FSH
- LH - ACTH - TSH - Prolactin - GH |
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What are the hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary?
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- ADH
- Oxytocin |
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What are the functions of the pars distalis?
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production, storage, release of hormones
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What cell types are in the pars distalis?
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acidophils & basophils
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What are the acidophil cells broken into?
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somatorophs & mammotrophs
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What do SOMATOTROPHS of acidophil cells in the pars distalis of the anterior lobe of the pituitary secrete?
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GH
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What do MAMMOTROPHS of acidophil cells in the pars distalis of the anterior lobe of the pituitary secrete?
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Prolactin
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Acidophil tumors cause the diseases _____ & _____
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gigantism & acromegaly
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What are the basophil cells broken into?
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- Corticotrophs
- Thyrotrophs - Gonadotrophs |
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What do CORTOCOTROPHS of basophil cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary secrete?
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ACTH
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What do THYROTROPHS of basophil cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary secrete?
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TSH
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What do GONADOTROPHS of basophil cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary secrete?
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FSH & LH
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Pars tuberallis (anterior lobe of pituitary) is mostly _____. Therefore, it secretes mostly ____.
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- gonadotrophs
- FSH & LH |
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Pars intermedia (anterior lobe of pituitary) is mostly _____ cells.
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Basophilic
It secretes mostly ____. |
MSH
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Pars nervosa & the infundibular stalk (of the posterior lobe of pituitary) are composed of _____
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pituicytes
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Pituicytes have expanded axon terminals called what?
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Herring bodies
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What do Herring bodies of pituicytes (posterior lobe of pituitary) secrete?
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Oxytocin & ADH
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Where is Oxytocin & ADH produced?
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hypothalamus
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Which lobe of the pituitary has more circulation?
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Anterior lobe
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Which lobe of the pituitary has a faster release/effect of it's hormones?
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posterior lobe
Why? |
less circulation/synapses & no releasing/inhibiting hormones (such as GHRH or GnRH)
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What hormones does the thyroid secrete?
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- T3 (triiodothyronine)
- T4 (thyroxin) |
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What is the unique feature of thyroid hormones?
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can concentrate iodine
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What are the 2 cell types of the thyroid?
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- follicular cells
- parafollicular cells |
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What do the follicular cells of the thyroid do?
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- secrete thryroglobulin
- produce thyroid hormones |
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What do the parafollicular cells of the thyroid do?
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- produce & secrete calcitonin
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What does calcitonin do?
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- lowers blood Ca²⁺
- inhibits osteoClasts (inhibits bone resorption) |
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What is the role of colloid of the thyroid?
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storage of hormones & thyroglobulin
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What is the main function of thyroid hormones?
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stimulate metabolism
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What diseases cause by hyperthyroidism (too much thyroid hormones)?
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- Toxic goiter
- Graves' Disease (exophthalmos) - autoimmune |
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What occurs to the thyroid gland in hypothyroidism and why?
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- enlarged thyroid (goiter) & myxedema
- due to lack of iodine |
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What is the function of the parathyroid gland?
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synthesize & secrete PTH
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What does PTH do?
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- ↑ blood Ca²⁺ levels
- ↑ bone resorption (stimulate osteoClasts) - ↓ Ca²⁺ excretion (↑ reabsorption) - ↑ Ca²⁺ GI uptake - ↑ excretion of phosphate |
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What are the 2 cell types of the parathyroid?
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- Chief cells
- Oxyphil cells |
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What doe the CHEIF cells of the parathyroid do?
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produce PTH
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What is PTH regulated by?
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Blood Ca²⁺ levels
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What happens in HYPOparathyroidism?
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- ↓ blood Ca²⁺
- muscle tetany |
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What happens in HYPERparathyroidism?
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- ↑ blood Ca²⁺ (↑ bone resorption)
- osteoporosis occurs |
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What does the cortex of the adrenal gland do?
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produces steroid hormones (cortisol & aldosterone)
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What does the medulla of the adrenal gland do?
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secretes catecholamines (NE & Epi)
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The adrenal cortex is of ____ origin
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mesodermal
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The adrenal medulla is of ____ origin
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neural crest
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Where are the adrenal glands located?
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above the kidneys
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What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex?
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- zona glomerulosa
- zona fasciculata - zona reticularis |
G-F-R
(outer→inner) |
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What does the zona granulosa of the adrenal cortex do?
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- secretes aldosterone
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Aldosterone is controlled by the _____ system, ____, and ____.
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- Renin-Angiotensin system
- plasma K⁺ - ACTH |
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What is the function of aldosterone?
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↑ Na⁺ & K⁺ reabsorption
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What does the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex do?
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- secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol)
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Glucocorticoids (cortisol) are stimulated by ___
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ACTH
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What is the function of glucocorticoids (cortisol)?
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- ↑ gluconeogenesis
- regulate protein metabolism - mobilize FA - control inflammation & stress |
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What does the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex do?
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- secretes androgen & glucocorticoids (cortisol)
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What are the cells of the adrenal medulla?
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Chromaffin cells
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What is the function of NE?
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- vasoconstriction
- ↑ HR - ↓ GI activity - dilate pupils of eyes |
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What is the function of Epi?
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- ↑ heart stimulation (less on muscle)
- ↑ metabolism (↑ blood glucose) |
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What is a disease of HYPOadrenalism?
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Addison's Disease
What are the symptoms? |
- Dark skin (overproduction of ACTH)
- Lack of feedback inhibition by cortisol - unable to handle stress |
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What is a disease of HYPERadrenalism?
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Cushing's Syndrome
What are the symptoms? |
- Uneven body fat distribution
- Moon face - Buffalo hump - Acne & facial hair |
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What are 2 cell types of the pineal gland?
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- Pinealocytes
- Astrocytes |
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What do the pinealocytes of the pineal gland do?
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produce melatonin
Describe the nucleus |
Irregular shaped w/ large nucleoli
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What are the astrocytes of the pineal gland?
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- neurglial cells
- between cords & pinealocytes Describe the nucleus |
Elongated nuclei
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What is the function of the pineal gland?
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- secrete melatonin
- Daily cycle & seasonal biorhythms |
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What is the function of melatonin?
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- control sleep & sex drive
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